{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#Action_Outreach_Method_Directive",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "proeth:description": "City leaders, citing economic, political, and social considerations, specifically instruct Firm DBA to perform the public engagement sessions in the manner Firm DBA carried out.",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "client",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "Suppressed participation from Community P"
  ],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "City leaders",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Client Pressure State"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Shape public engagement according to economic, political, and social considerations",
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Municipal project direction"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Prior to or during the public outreach effort",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 2,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "City leaders, citing economic, political, and social considerations, specifically instructed Firm DBA to perform the public engagement sessions in the way that Firm DBA completed them"
  ],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Outreach Method Directive"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#Action_Public_Engagement_Scheduling",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "proeth:description": "Firm DBA organizes public engagement sessions at times and locations difficult for Community P residents to attend, in Community Q, with no written comment mechanism and no virtual meetings.",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "engineering consultant with communications and public relations department",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "Exclusion of Community P residents from meaningful participation"
  ],
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Firm DBA",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Inaccessible Public Engagement State",
    "Community P Exclusion State"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Conduct the City-required public engagement sessions in the manner directed by City leaders",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Public outreach coordination",
    "Communications and public relations"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "interval",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "During the planning phase",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 3,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Firm DBA organizes meetings at times and locations that are difficult for Community P residents to attend, such as during work hours at venues far from the area and not easily accessible via public transit.",
    "Firm DBA\u2019s outreach and notices do not provide for a method for community members to submit written comments. Finally, no virtual meetings are held to gather feedback from interested persons."
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [
    "Hold Paramount Public Safety, Health, and Welfare"
  ],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Public Engagement Scheduling"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#Action_Concern_Expression",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "proeth:description": "Engineer M expresses concern to Firm DBA about the public outreach and the session locations after observing the flawed engagement process.",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "lead engineer retained by the City",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "Friction with project partner Firm DBA"
  ],
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [
    "Hold Paramount Public Safety, Health, and Welfare"
  ],
  "proeth:guidedByPrinciple": [
    "Hold Paramount the Safety, Health, and Welfare of the Public"
  ],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Engineer M",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Ethical Concerns Raised State"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Prompt Firm DBA to address deficiencies in the public outreach process",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Professional judgment",
    "Communication"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "After the public outreach sessions were held",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 7,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Engineer M expresses concern to Firm DBA about the public outreach and session locations"
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Concern Expression"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#Action_Concern_Dismissal",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "proeth:description": "Firm DBA rejects Engineer M\u0027s concerns, stating the practices are consistent with prior projects for the City and were performed under specific City instruction.",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "engineering consultant",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "Perpetuation of a flawed engagement record"
  ],
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Firm DBA",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Unresolved Ethical Dispute State"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Defend and continue its outreach approach without changes",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Client relations"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Immediately after Engineer M expresses concern",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 8,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Firm DBA states that these practices are consistent with prior projects undertaken for the City"
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [
    "Hold Paramount Public Safety, Health, and Welfare"
  ],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Concern Dismissal"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#Action_Misleading_Report_Submission",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "proeth:description": "Firm DBA prepares and submits a carefully-framed report that omits where and when sessions were held and that written comments were not accepted, and claims Community P supports the project.",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "engineering consultant",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "Misrepresentation of Community P\u0027s position",
    "Negative impact if the omissions are later disclosed"
  ],
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Firm DBA",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Misrepresented Community Support State",
    "Fraudulent or Dishonest Enterprise State"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Present the project as having community support and satisfy the City\u0027s engagement requirement",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Report preparation",
    "Communications"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "After the public engagement sessions and after dismissing Engineer M\u0027s concerns",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 9,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Firm DBA prepares a carefully-framed report, omitting details about where the sessions were held and at what time of day the sessions were held, including not identifying that written comments were not accepted.",
    "Firm DBA submits a report claiming Community P\u2019s support for the project, citing a lack of significant opposition and comments in support of the project."
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [
    "Issue Statements in an Objective and Truthful Manner",
    "Avoid Deceptive Acts",
    "Not Omit a Material Fact"
  ],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Misleading Report Submission"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#Action_Ethics_Conference_With_Firm",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "proeth:description": "Recommended prospective action in which Engineer M confers immediately with Firm DBA, states objections, and expresses all ethical obligations under the Code, with Firm DBA\u0027s supervising licensed engineers involved.",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "lead engineer retained by the City",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "Firm DBA may refuse, citing City direction"
  ],
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [
    "Not Associate With Fraudulent or Dishonest Enterprise",
    "Advise Clients or Employers When a Project Will Not Be Successful"
  ],
  "proeth:guidedByPrinciple": [
    "Hold Paramount the Safety, Health, and Welfare of the Public",
    "Adherence to the Highest Principles of Ethical Conduct"
  ],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Engineer M",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Correction Opportunity State"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Achieve an immediate resolution with Firm DBA correcting the report discrepancies",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Ethical reasoning",
    "Professional communication"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Prospective, recommended as the immediate next step",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 10,
  "proeth:terminates": [
    "Unresolved Ethical Dispute State"
  ],
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "the BER recommends Engineer M to confer immediately with Firm DBA. Engineer M should state their objections with Firm DBA and express all ethical obligations under the Code.",
    "The licensed professional engineers of Firm DBA, because of their supervisory and ownership roles, should be involved in these discussions"
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Ethics Conference With Firm"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#Action_Escalation_to_Client",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "proeth:description": "Prospective action in which Engineer M, if Firm DBA does not correct the discrepancies, confers with the City with the knowledge and potential presence of Firm DBA to discuss the ethical obligations of all involved.",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "lead engineer retained by the City",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "The City may decide to do nothing"
  ],
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [],
  "proeth:guidedByPrinciple": [
    "Hold Paramount the Safety, Health, and Welfare of the Public"
  ],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Engineer M",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "City Notified of Discrepancies State"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Have the City address the flawed report and the ethical obligations of all parties",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [
    "Advise Clients or Employers When a Project Will Not Be Successful",
    "Hold Paramount Public Safety, Health, and Welfare"
  ],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Client communication",
    "Ethical reasoning"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Prospective, conditional on Firm DBA choosing not to correct the discrepancies",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 11,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Engineer M would need to also confer with the City (with the knowledge and potential presence of Firm DBA) and have a discussion of the ethical obligations of all involved"
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Escalation to Client"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#Action_Licensure_Board_Reporting_Decision",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "proeth:description": "Prospective decision in which Engineer M, if the City decides to do nothing, must decide whether to report Firm DBA\u0027s actions to the state\u0027s engineering licensure board.",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "lead engineer retained by the City",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "The step may appear extreme and strain professional relationships"
  ],
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [],
  "proeth:guidedByPrinciple": [
    "Hold Paramount the Safety, Health, and Welfare of the Public"
  ],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Engineer M",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Regulatory Reporting Consideration State"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Prevent similar situations from happening in the future",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [
    "Hold Paramount Public Safety, Health, and Welfare"
  ],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Ethical judgment",
    "Knowledge of licensure board processes"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Prospective, conditional on the City deciding to do nothing after the escalation meeting",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 12,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "if the City decided to do nothing, Engineer M must decide whether to report Firm DBA\u2019s actions to the state\u2019s engineering licensure board",
    "Although seemingly extreme, reporting Firm DBA to the state\u2019s engineering licensure board may be necessary to prevent similar situations from happening in the future."
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Licensure Board Reporting Decision"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#Event_Engineer_Retention",
  "@type": "proeth:Event",
  "proeth:confidence": "0.8",
  "proeth:description": "Engineer M is retained by the City as the lead engineer on the major public infrastructure project to upgrade the highway through Community P.",
  "proeth:eventType": "outcome",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Engineer M Lead Engineer Engagement"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Beginning of the project, before the planning phase",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 1,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Engineer M is retained by the City as the lead engineer on a major public infrastructure project to upgrade a highway system that runs through Community P"
  ],
  "rdfs:label": "Engineer Retention"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#Event_Low_Community_Participation",
  "@type": "proeth:Event",
  "proeth:causedByAction": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#Action_Public_Engagement_Scheduling",
  "proeth:confidence": "0.95",
  "proeth:description": "Few residents of Community P attend the public engagement sessions because the sessions are scheduled at inaccessible times and held in Community Q, far from the affected area.",
  "proeth:eventType": "outcome",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Inadequate Community P Representation"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "interval",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "During the public engagement sessions in the planning phase",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 4,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Few Community P members participate"
  ],
  "rdfs:label": "Low Community Participation"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#Event_Displacement_Concerns_Voiced",
  "@type": "proeth:Event",
  "proeth:causedByAction": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#Action_Public_Engagement_Scheduling",
  "proeth:confidence": "0.9",
  "proeth:description": "The few Community P attendees who do participate express concerns that the project could displace residents and disrupt local businesses.",
  "proeth:eventType": "outcome",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Known Community P Opposition"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "interval",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "During the public engagement sessions",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 5,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "those who do express concerns about the project\u2019s potential to displace residents and disrupt local businesses"
  ],
  "rdfs:label": "Displacement Concerns Voiced"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#Event_Supportive_Comments_Reception",
  "@type": "proeth:Event",
  "proeth:causedByAction": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#Action_Public_Engagement_Scheduling",
  "proeth:confidence": "0.92",
  "proeth:description": "Because the sessions are held in Community Q, an alternate route area, many comments are received favoring routing the upgrade through Community P rather than Community Q, producing a skewed public input record.",
  "proeth:eventType": "outcome",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Skewed Public Input Record"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "interval",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "During the public outreach sessions held in Community Q",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 6,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Many comments are received that support the upgrade through the historically underserved, underrepresented, and overburdened neighborhood (Community P) and not through Community Q."
  ],
  "rdfs:label": "Supportive Comments Reception"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#CausalChain_2",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Firm DBA organizes meetings at times and locations that are difficult for Community P residents to attend, such as during work hours at venues far from the area and not easily accessible via public transit.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Sessions set during work hours at distant, transit-inaccessible venues in Community Q",
      "proeth:element": "Public Engagement Scheduling",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Community P residents face practical barriers to attendance with no written or virtual alternatives",
      "proeth:element": "Access Barriers Materialize",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Few Community P members participate in the engagement sessions",
      "proeth:element": "Low Community Participation",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Public Engagement Scheduling",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "With accessible times/locations or alternative channels (written comments, virtual meetings), Community P residents would likely have participated in meaningful numbers",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Low Community Participation",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Sessions scheduled during work hours",
    "Venues far from Community P and not accessible by public transit",
    "No written comment mechanism",
    "No virtual meetings offered"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "shared",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Firm DBA (its communications/PR department under licensed PE supervision)",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Combination of inaccessible timing + inaccessible location + absence of alternative participation channels (written or virtual)"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#CausalChain_1",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Firm DBA states that City leaders, citing economic, political, and social considerations, specifically instructed Firm DBA to perform the public engagement sessions in the way that Firm DBA completed them.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "City leaders, citing economic, political, and social considerations, specifically instruct Firm DBA on how to conduct engagement sessions",
      "proeth:element": "Outreach Method Directive",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Firm DBA accepts the directive, noting the practices are consistent with prior City projects",
      "proeth:element": "Firm DBA Compliance",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Firm DBA organizes meetings at times and locations difficult for Community P residents, with no written comments or virtual meetings",
      "proeth:element": "Public Engagement Scheduling",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Outreach Method Directive",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Without the City\u0027s directive, Firm DBA might still have followed its prior practice (\u0027consistent with prior projects\u0027), so the directive was a contributing but possibly not strictly necessary cause; however, the directive was part of a set sufficient to produce the exclusionary scheduling",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Public Engagement Scheduling",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "City leaders\u0027 specific instruction on how sessions were to be conducted",
    "Firm DBA\u0027s willingness to follow the instruction rather than exercise independent professional judgment",
    "City\u0027s economic, political, and social motivations favoring Community Q"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "shared",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "City leaders (with Firm DBA as complying agent)",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "City directive + Firm DBA\u0027s compliance + absence of pushback from licensed PEs in supervisory roles at Firm DBA"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#CausalChain_3",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "The area in which Firm DBA holds the public outreach sessions, Community Q, is an alternate route for the major public infrastructure project. ... Many comments are received that support the upgrade through the historically underserved, underrepresented, and overburdened neighborhood (Community P) and not through Community Q.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Sessions held in Community Q, the alternate route area",
      "proeth:element": "Public Engagement Scheduling",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Attendees are predominantly from Community Q rather than the affected Community P",
      "proeth:element": "Skewed Audience Composition",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Many comments support routing the upgrade through Community P and not through Community Q",
      "proeth:element": "Supportive Comments Reception",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Public Engagement Scheduling",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "If sessions had been held in or accessible to Community P, the comment record would likely have reflected Community P\u0027s displacement and business-disruption concerns rather than predominant support",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Supportive Comments Reception",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Sessions held in Community Q, the alternate route area",
    "Community Q attendees\u0027 self-interest in routing the project away from their own area",
    "Exclusion of Community P voices from the sessions"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "shared",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Firm DBA",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Holding sessions in the alternate-route community + suppressed Community P attendance was sufficient to skew comments toward routing through Community P"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#CausalChain_4",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Few Community P members participate, and those who do express concerns about the project\u2019s potential to displace residents and disrupt local businesses.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Few Community P members are able to attend the sessions",
      "proeth:element": "Low Community Participation",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "The few attendees express concerns about displacement of residents and disruption of local businesses",
      "proeth:element": "Displacement Concerns Voiced",
      "proeth:step": 2
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Low Community Participation",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Had participation been broader, displacement concerns would likely have been voiced more extensively; had no Community P member attended, the concerns would not have entered the record at all",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Displacement Concerns Voiced",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "At least some Community P members overcoming access barriers to attend",
    "Genuine underlying concerns about displacement and business disruption in Community P"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "indirect",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Community P attendees (voicing concerns); Firm DBA (creating conditions limiting how widely concerns were heard)",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Attendance by even a few affected residents + real project impacts was sufficient for concerns to be voiced on the record"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": false
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#CausalChain_5",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Engineer M expresses concern to Firm DBA about the public outreach and session locations, but Firm DBA states that these practices are consistent with prior projects undertaken for the City.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer M raises concerns about outreach methods and session locations",
      "proeth:element": "Concern Expression",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Firm DBA rejects the concerns, citing consistency with prior City projects and the City\u0027s specific instructions",
      "proeth:element": "Concern Dismissal",
      "proeth:step": 2
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Concern Expression",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Without Engineer M\u0027s expression of concern, there would have been no dismissal event; the dismissal is a direct response to the concern",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Concern Dismissal",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Engineer M raising concerns to Firm DBA",
    "Firm DBA\u0027s institutional commitment to its prior practices",
    "The City directive Firm DBA could cite as justification"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "direct",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Firm DBA",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Concerns being raised + Firm DBA\u0027s reliance on prior practice and City instruction was sufficient to produce a dismissive response"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#CausalChain_6",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Despite Engineer M\u2019s concerns, Firm DBA prepares a carefully-framed report, omitting details about where the sessions were held and at what time of day the sessions were held, including not identifying that written comments were not accepted.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Firm DBA rejects Engineer M\u0027s objections, citing prior practice and City instructions",
      "proeth:element": "Concern Dismissal",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Firm DBA prepares a carefully-framed report omitting session locations, times, and the absence of written comments",
      "proeth:element": "Report Framing Decision",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Firm DBA submits a report claiming Community P\u0027s support, citing a lack of significant opposition",
      "proeth:element": "Misleading Report Submission",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Concern Dismissal",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Had Firm DBA heeded Engineer M\u0027s concerns and corrected the discrepancies, a truthful report disclosing the sessions\u0027 locations, timing, and comment limitations would have been produced instead",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Misleading Report Submission",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Firm DBA\u0027s decision to disregard Engineer M\u0027s objections",
    "Firm DBA\u0027s control over the report\u0027s contents",
    "A skewed engagement record needing concealment to appear legitimate"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "direct",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Firm DBA (including its licensed professional engineers in supervisory and ownership roles)",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Dismissal of concerns + deliberate omission of material facts + a comment record skewed toward Community Q was sufficient to produce a deceptive report claiming Community P support"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#CausalChain_7",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Firm DBA submits a report claiming Community P\u2019s support for the project, citing a lack of significant opposition and comments in support of the project.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Many comments received supporting the upgrade through Community P rather than Community Q",
      "proeth:element": "Supportive Comments Reception",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Firm DBA characterizes the record as showing Community P support and a lack of significant opposition",
      "proeth:element": "Misattribution of Support",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Firm DBA submits the carefully-framed report to the City",
      "proeth:element": "Misleading Report Submission",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Supportive Comments Reception",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Without the supportive comments generated by holding sessions in Community Q, Firm DBA would have lacked any evidentiary basis, however misattributed, for claiming support; \u0027Firm DBA\u2019s report claimed Community P supported the project, without any evidence to support that claim\u0027",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Misleading Report Submission",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Existence of supportive comments (from Community Q attendees) to cite",
    "Suppressed opposition record due to low Community P participation",
    "Firm DBA\u0027s decision to attribute the support to Community P"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "direct",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Firm DBA",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "The skewed comment record + Firm DBA\u0027s misattribution and omissions was sufficient to enable the false claim of Community P support"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#CausalChain_8",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "As to a course of action, the BER recommends Engineer M to confer immediately with Firm DBA. Engineer M should state their objections with Firm DBA and express all ethical obligations under the Code.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Firm DBA submits the report claiming Community P support while omitting material facts",
      "proeth:element": "Misleading Report Submission",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer M must not permit association with a firm believed to be engaged in fraudulent or dishonest enterprise (Code II.1.d)",
      "proeth:element": "Ethical Obligation Triggered",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer M confers immediately with Firm DBA, stating objections and ethical obligations, involving Firm DBA\u0027s licensed PE supervisors and owners",
      "proeth:element": "Ethics Conference With Firm",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Misleading Report Submission",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Had Firm DBA submitted an honest report, no ethics confrontation over the report\u0027s contents would be required",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "discussion",
  "proeth:effect": "Ethics Conference With Firm",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Existence of the deceptive report violating the Code (objective and truthful statements, deceptive acts, misrepresentation, omission of material fact)",
    "Engineer M\u0027s obligation not to associate with fraudulent or dishonest enterprise (Code II.1.d)",
    "Engineer M\u0027s knowledge of the report\u0027s deficiencies"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "direct",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer M",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "The deceptive report + Engineer M\u0027s Code obligations was sufficient to require Engineer M to confer immediately with Firm DBA"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#CausalChain_9",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Should Firm DBA choose not to correct the discrepancies, Engineer M would need to also confer with the City (with the knowledge and potential presence of Firm DBA) and have a discussion of the ethical obligations of all involved.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer M states objections and ethical obligations to Firm DBA\u0027s supervisors and owners",
      "proeth:element": "Ethics Conference With Firm",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Firm DBA takes the position it performed the work under City direction and is unwilling to make corrections",
      "proeth:element": "Firm DBA Refusal",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer M confers with the City, with Firm DBA\u0027s knowledge and potential presence, on the ethical obligations of all involved",
      "proeth:element": "Escalation to Client",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Ethics Conference With Firm",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "If Firm DBA acknowledged its ethical obligations after being confronted, \u0027a more immediate resolution to the issues may be realized\u0027 and escalation to the City would be unnecessary",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "discussion",
  "proeth:effect": "Escalation to Client",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Ethics conference having occurred and failed to produce correction",
    "Firm DBA\u0027s refusal to correct the discrepancies",
    "Engineer M\u0027s continuing Code obligations to the public and client"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "shared",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer M (escalating); Firm DBA (necessitating escalation by refusal)",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Failed conference + Firm DBA\u0027s refusal + Engineer M\u0027s paramount duty to public welfare was sufficient to require escalation to the City"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/5#CausalChain_10",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "After this meeting, if the City decided to do nothing, Engineer M must decide whether to report Firm DBA\u2019s actions to the state\u2019s engineering licensure board.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer M confers with the City about the ethical obligations of all involved",
      "proeth:element": "Escalation to Client",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "The City decides to do nothing to correct the discrepancies",
      "proeth:element": "City Inaction",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer M must decide whether to report Firm DBA\u0027s actions to the state\u0027s engineering licensure board to prevent similar situations in the future",
      "proeth:element": "Licensure Board Reporting Decision",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Escalation to Client",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "If the City acted to correct the engagement process and the report, the licensure board reporting decision would not arise; \u0027reporting Firm DBA to the state\u2019s engineering licensure board may be necessary to prevent similar situations from happening in the future\u0027",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "discussion",
  "proeth:effect": "Licensure Board Reporting Decision",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "The City-level meeting having occurred",
    "The City deciding to do nothing",
    "Engineer M\u0027s exhausted internal remedies and remaining Code obligations"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "shared",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer M (deciding); City (creating necessity through inaction)",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "City inaction after escalation + uncorrected deceptive report was sufficient to force the reporting decision on Engineer M"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}