{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#Action_Engineer_Title_Assignment",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "proeth:description": "The State Agency gives staff in management positions the title of \u0027Engineer\u0027 when they are not qualified to review and approve consulting engineers\u0027 design documents.",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "institutional actor",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "Conveying the impression that unlicensed staff are licensed professional engineers",
    "Causing confusion among the public"
  ],
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "State Agency",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Misrepresentation of Qualifications",
    "Public Confusion Regarding Licensure"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Staff management positions with authority to review and approve consulting engineers\u0027 design documents",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Understanding of state licensing requirements for use of the \u0027engineer\u0027 title"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "interval",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Prior to the case events, as an ongoing administrative practice",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 1,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "the State Agency has given staff in management positions the title of \u201cEngineer\u201d when they are not qualified to review and approve consulting engineers\u2019 design documents",
    "\u201cEngineer\u201d titles used by individuals working for state agencies tends to convey the impression that they are licensed professional engineers, which may cause confusion among the public"
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [
    "Not Misrepresent Qualifications (Section II.5.a)"
  ],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": false,
  "rdfs:label": "Engineer Title Assignment"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#Action_Contract_Documents_Submission",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "proeth:description": "Engineer A, a consulting engineer, presents signed and sealed design contract documents to State Agency manager \u0027Transportation Engineer\u0027 B for final review and approval.",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "Consulting Engineer",
  "proeth:guidedByPrinciple": [
    "Protection of Public Health, Safety, and Welfare"
  ],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Documents Under Agency Review"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Obtain State Agency final approval of the design contract documents",
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Engineering design",
    "Preparation of signed and sealed contract documents"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Beginning of the case, prior to Engineer A learning of B\u0027s lack of qualifications",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 2,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Engineer A, a consulting engineer, presents signed and sealed design contract documents to the State Agency manager, \u201cTransportation Engineer\u201d B"
  ],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Contract Documents Submission"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#Action_Unlicensed_Document_Review",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "proeth:description": "Transportation Engineer B personally reviews Engineer A\u0027s signed and sealed documents, makes comments, and directs changes, activities that under state law constitute the practice of engineering, despite being neither licensed nor degreed.",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "State Agency Manager, unlicensed and non-degreed",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "Engaging in the practice of engineering without a license",
    "Conveying the impression of being a licensed professional engineer"
  ],
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Transportation Engineer B",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Unlawful Practice of Engineering",
    "Public Safety Risk",
    "Engineer A Working in Association with Unlicensed Practitioner"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Complete the State Agency\u0027s final approval review of the consulting engineer\u0027s design documents",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Licensed professional engineering judgment",
    "Review and approval of engineering design documents"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "interval",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "During the State Agency\u0027s final approval review of Engineer A\u0027s documents",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 3,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "who personally reviews those documents for final approval, makes comments, and directs changes \u2013 all of which under the laws of the state constitutes the practice of engineering",
    "\u201cTransportation Engineer\u201d B is neither a licensed engineer nor even a degreed engineer"
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [
    "Not Misrepresent Qualifications (Section II.5.a)"
  ],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": false,
  "rdfs:label": "Unlicensed Document Review"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#Event_Professional_Association_Formation",
  "@type": "proeth:Event",
  "proeth:causedByAction": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#Action_Unlicensed_Document_Review",
  "proeth:confidence": "0.85",
  "proeth:description": "As a downstream consequence of B directing changes to Engineer A\u0027s signed and sealed contract documents, Engineer A comes to be working in association with unlicensed practitioner B, a situational condition Engineer A did not volitionally choose, which brings the aiding and abetting and reporting duties into play.",
  "proeth:eventType": "outcome",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Association with Unlicensed Practitioner"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "interval",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Upon B directing revisions to Engineer A\u0027s signed and sealed contract documents",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 4,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "In light of the fact that Engineer A has been directed to revise his \u201csigned and sealed contract documents\u201d based on [non] Engineer B\u2019s review, Engineer A is working in association with B."
  ],
  "rdfs:label": "Professional Association Formation"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#Event_Licensure_Status_Discovery",
  "@type": "proeth:Event",
  "proeth:causedByAction": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#Action_Unlicensed_Document_Review",
  "proeth:confidence": "0.9",
  "proeth:description": "Engineer A learns that Transportation Engineer B, who reviews and approves the design documents, is neither a licensed engineer nor a degreed engineer. This discovery happens to Engineer A rather than being a deliberate intervention, and it brings the ethical problem into view.",
  "proeth:eventType": "outcome",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Awareness of Unlicensed Practice",
    "Concern About Agency Title Assignment"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "After Engineer A presents the signed and sealed documents and B reviews them",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 5,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Engineer A learns that \u201cTransportation Engineer\u201d B is neither a licensed engineer nor even a degreed engineer.",
    "Engineer A is concerned that the State Agency has given staff in management positions the title of \u201cEngineer\u201d when they are not qualified to review and approve consulting engineers\u2019 design documents."
  ],
  "rdfs:label": "Licensure Status Discovery"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#CausalChain_1",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Engineer A is concerned that the State Agency has given staff in management positions the title of \"Engineer\" when they are not qualified to review and approve consulting engineers\u0027 design documents.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "State Agency gives management staff the title \u0027Engineer\u0027 despite lacking licensure or engineering degrees",
      "proeth:element": "Engineer Title Assignment",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Titled managers such as B are empowered to give final approval of consulting engineers\u0027 design documents",
      "proeth:element": "Delegation of Review Authority",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "B personally reviews Engineer A\u0027s signed and sealed documents, makes comments, and directs changes \u2014 constituting the unlawful practice of engineering under state law",
      "proeth:element": "Unlicensed Document Review",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Engineer Title Assignment",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "If the State Agency had restricted \u0027Engineer\u0027 titles and review authority to licensed professional engineers, B would not have been positioned to personally review, comment on, and direct changes to Engineer A\u0027s signed and sealed documents",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Unlicensed Document Review",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "State Agency assigning \u0027Engineer\u0027 titles to unqualified managerial staff",
    "Placement of B in a position with authority to review and approve engineering documents",
    "Absence of licensure verification in agency staffing practices"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "direct",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "State Agency",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Combination of unqualified staff holding \u0027Engineer\u0027 titles + delegation of design-review authority to those staff"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#CausalChain_2",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Engineer A, a consulting engineer, presents signed and sealed design contract documents to the State Agency manager, \"Transportation Engineer\" B, who personally reviews those documents for final approval, makes comments, and directs changes",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A presents signed and sealed design contract documents to the State Agency for approval",
      "proeth:element": "Contract Documents Submission",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "The agency\u0027s process places the documents before \u0027Transportation Engineer\u0027 B for final approval",
      "proeth:element": "Routing to Manager B",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "B personally reviews the documents, makes comments, and directs changes \u2014 activity constituting the practice of engineering under state law",
      "proeth:element": "Unlicensed Document Review",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Contract Documents Submission",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Without Engineer A\u0027s submission, B would have had no documents to review; however, the submission itself was a routine and lawful professional act \u2014 the unlawful character of the review stems from the agency\u0027s staffing, not the submission",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Unlicensed Document Review",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Submission of signed and sealed contract documents to the State Agency",
    "B occupying the managerial review position",
    "Agency approval process routing documents through B"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "shared",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer A (for submission); State Agency and B (for the unlicensed review itself)",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Document submission + agency review structure placing an unlicensed manager as the final approver"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#CausalChain_3",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Engineer A learns that \"Transportation Engineer\" B is neither a licensed engineer nor even a degreed engineer.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "B reviews Engineer A\u0027s signed and sealed documents, makes comments, and directs changes",
      "proeth:element": "Unlicensed Document Review",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A engages with B over the directed revisions to his sealed work",
      "proeth:element": "Professional Interaction",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A learns B is neither a licensed engineer nor a degreed engineer",
      "proeth:element": "Licensure Status Discovery",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Unlicensed Document Review",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Had B not personally reviewed and directed changes to the documents, Engineer A would have had little occasion to investigate or learn of B\u0027s lack of licensure",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Licensure Status Discovery",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "B\u0027s active review, comments, and directed changes creating professional interaction with Engineer A",
    "Engineer A\u0027s attention to the qualifications of the individual exercising engineering judgment over his sealed work"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "indirect",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer A (as discoverer); Transportation Engineer B (as holder of the misrepresenting title)",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Direct professional interaction between A and B during the review process + accessible information about B\u0027s credentials"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/56#CausalChain_4",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "In light of the fact that Engineer A has been directed to revise his \"signed and sealed contract documents\" based on [non] Engineer B\u0027s review, Engineer A is working in association with B.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A submits signed and sealed design contract documents to the State Agency",
      "proeth:element": "Contract Documents Submission",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "B reviews the documents, makes comments, and directs changes \u2014 the practice of engineering under state law",
      "proeth:element": "Unlicensed Document Review",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A is directed to revise his signed and sealed contract documents based on B\u0027s review",
      "proeth:element": "Directed Revisions",
      "proeth:step": 3
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A is working in association with B, triggering ethical obligations under Sections II.1.e and II.1.f to not aid or abet unlawful practice and to report B\u0027s violation",
      "proeth:element": "Professional Association Formation",
      "proeth:step": 4
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Unlicensed Document Review",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "If B had not reviewed and directed changes, no working association between Engineer A and an unlicensed practitioner would have arisen, and Engineer A would face no risk of aiding or abetting the unlawful practice of engineering under Section II.1.e",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "discussion",
  "proeth:effect": "Professional Association Formation",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "B\u0027s review and direction of changes to Engineer A\u0027s signed and sealed documents",
    "Engineer A\u0027s compliance with or receipt of directed revisions",
    "Legal characterization of review/approval activity as the practice of engineering"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "shared",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer A and Transportation Engineer B",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "B directing changes to sealed documents + Engineer A revising his work based on that review"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}