Step 2: Normative Requirements Pass (Discussion Section)

DUAL PRINCIPLE EXTRACTION - Ethical Principles Analysis THEORETICAL CONTEXT (Chapter 2.2.2): - Principles are ABSTRACT ethical foundations requiring extensional definition through cases - They function like constitutional principles - open-textured and requiring interpretation - Principles mediate moral ideals into concrete reality through context-specific application - They cannot be applied deductively but require balancing and interpretation EXISTING PRINCIPLE CLASSES IN ONTOLOGY: - Competence Principle: Balances professional autonomy with recognition of limitations and need for collaboration. - Confidentiality Principle: Must be balanced against public safety obligations and legal disclosure requirements. - Domain-Specific Principle: Examples: Environmental Stewardship (engineering), Patient Autonomy (medicine), Academic Freedom (education). These address domain-specific ethical ch - Environmental Stewardship Principle: Bridges engineering practice with broader environmental and societal responsibilities. - Ethical Principle: Legacy synonym for Principle. Use :Principle for new concepts. - Fundamental Ethical Principle: Examples: Public Welfare Paramount, Respect for Persons, Justice, Beneficence. These require extensive interpretation and balancing in specific contex - Integrity Principle: Central to professional identity formation and trust maintenance in professional relationships. - Principle: An information content entity representing ethical values and guidelines for conduct. This is the P component of the formal specification D=(R,P,O,S,R - Principle Argument: An argument based on fundamental ethical principles or values. - Principle Refinement: Capability to evolve principles as inconsistencies are resolved and new cases are added (GenEth system, Anderson & Anderson 2018) - Professional Virtue Principle: Examples: Integrity, Competence, Honesty, Professional Courage, Accountability. These shape professional character and decision-making. - Public Welfare Principle: Requires contextual interpretation to balance against client confidentiality and employer loyalty when public safety is at risk. - Relational Principle: Examples: Confidentiality, Loyalty, Fairness, Transparency, Respect for Autonomy. These govern interpersonal professional dynamics. - Transparency Principle: Essential for maintaining trust and enabling stakeholder participation in professional decisions. === TASK === From the following case text (discussion section), extract information at TWO levels: LEVEL 1 - NEW PRINCIPLE CLASSES: Identify ethical principles that appear to be NEW types not covered by existing classes above. Look for: - Fundamental ethical values being invoked - Abstract moral ideals guiding decisions - Constitutional-like principles requiring interpretation - Values that transcend specific rules or obligations For each NEW principle class, provide: - label: Clear principle name (e.g., "Environmental Stewardship", "Professional Autonomy") - definition: What moral ideal this principle represents - abstract_nature: The abstract ethical foundation (justice, welfare, autonomy, etc.) - extensional_examples: Concrete cases/situations where this principle applies - value_basis: Core moral value underlying the principle - application_context: Professional domains or situations where relevant - operationalization: How this abstract principle becomes concrete in practice - balancing_requirements: What other principles it typically must be balanced against - examples_from_case: How this principle appears in the case text LEVEL 2 - PRINCIPLE INDIVIDUALS: Identify specific instances where principles are invoked or applied. For each instance: - identifier: Unique identifier for this principle instance (e.g., "PublicSafety_Case8_Discussion") - principle_class: Which principle class it instantiates (use existing classes when possible) - concrete_expression: EXACT text showing how the principle is expressed - invoked_by: Who invokes or appeals to this principle - applied_to: What decision/situation/dilemma it applies to - interpretation: How the principle is interpreted in this specific context - balancing_with: Other principles that must be balanced against it - tension_resolution: How conflicts between principles are resolved - case_relevance: Why this principle matters in this specific case IMPORTANT: - Focus on ABSTRACT ethical foundations, not specific rules or procedures - Principles are broader than obligations - they generate obligations in context - Use EXACT quotes from case text where principles are expressed - Distinguish between the abstract principle CLASS and its concrete APPLICATION CASE TEXT: The role of the professional engineer in protecting the public health, safety, and welfare is fundamental to the practice of engineering and is the overriding value in the NSPE Code of Ethics. The NSPE Board of Ethical Review has considered ethical dilemmas involving the public health and safety on many occasions. While there can be no one standard that applies to all of these types of cases, there are basic values and principles in the NSPE Code of Ethics that provide important guidance to professional engineers who are faced with such situations. An illustration of how the Board has addressed this issue can be found in BER Case 19-10 . In this case, Engineer A was hired by Client B to conduct a building investigation to determine the origin and cause of a fire resulting in financial loss. Engineer A observed the building to be structurally unstable. Engineer A performed a preliminary investigation of the building and after speaking with Client B, concluded that there were recent structural changes made to the building that may have caused the roof to sag and the walls to lean outward due to insufficient lateral restraint. Engineer A also learned that following construction modifications, the building was issued a certificate of occupancy by a county building official. Although not imminent, Engineer A believed collapse of the building was a danger. Engineer A immediately advised Client B and called the county building official. The county building official did not return Engineer A’s phone call. Engineer A also recommended to the owners that they should brace the building to prevent its collapse. In that case, the Board decided that although Engineer A did not believe the building was in danger of imminent collapse, Engineer A had an obligation to continue to pursue a resolution of the matter by working with Client B and by contacting the supervisor of the county official, the fire marshal, or any other agency having jurisdiction to determine whether an investigation was warranted after the issuance of the certificate of occupancy. In BER Case 07-10 , the Board was faced with a case in which Engineer A had designed and built a barn with horse stalls on his property. Four years later, Engineer A sold the property, including the barn to Jones. Later, Jones proposed to extend the barn and, as part of the extension, removed portions of the columns and footings that supported the roof. The changes were approved by the town, the extension was built, and a certificate of occupancy was issued. Engineer A learned of the extension and was concerned that the modified structure could be in danger of collapse due to severe snow loads. Engineer A verbally contacted the town supervisor, who agreed to review the matter, but no action was taken. The Board concluded that while Engineer A had acted ethically by taking prudent action in notifying the town supervisor, the individual presumably with the most authority in the jurisdiction, Engineer A should also have notified the new owner in writing about the perceived deficiency. In BER Case 17-3 , Engineer A was a professional engineer and registered architect with extensive design and forensic engineering experience. In performing a forensic engineering investigation for an insurance company, Engineer A was asked to look at a beam in a residence under construction that had been burned. Following the initial investigation, Engineer A learned that the construction contractor determined that the beam could be reused on the project. Engineer A examined the beam and determined that, while it was only slightly charred, the beam appears too light to provide adequate structural support. Engineer A measured the tributary area of the roof, floor, and wall bearing on the beam and ran a series of structural calculations. Based upon the review, Engineer A determined that the beam was seriously under-designed. Engineer A also observed that, since the residence was a tract residence, there were other identical designs in the subdivision. Engineer A wrote the report and identified the design defect and the larger concern regarding the possibility that an inadequate structural member was used in other houses in the subdivision. Engineer A submitted the report to the retaining insurance company. The NSPE BER decided in that case that Engineer A had ethical obligations under the NSPE Code of Ethics beyond providing the report to the retaining insurance company. Engineer A had further responsibilities to take additional steps, including contacting local building officials, individual homeowners, and the local homeowners’ or community civic association to advise them of the finding. Similarly, in BER Case 98-5 , Engineer A, a PE responsible for the City’s building inspection program, was pressed between reductions in staff due to budget cuts and implementation of new, more rigid code requirements which greatly enhanced and protected the public’s health and safety. Engineer A met with the chairman of the local city council to discuss his concerns. The chairman indicated a willingness to hire additional code inspectors, if Engineer A will concur with a proposed ordinance that would permit buildings already under construction to be “grandfathered” under the older code requirements. The Board determined that it was not ethical either for Engineer A to agree to concur with the chairman’s proposal or to sign inadequate inspection reports. In the present case, Engineer Intern A failed to report the material information that the visibly obvious defect had been missed in inspection for at least five years. Engineer Intern A had a responsibility to report all material facts related to the visibly obvious defect. As a practical matter, revealing that the visibly obvious defect had been in existence and unchanged for at least five years might have actually reduced the urgency of any investigation, but Engineer Intern A was not yet qualified to either make that determination or evaluate the materiality of the information. Respond with valid JSON in this format: { "new_principle_classes": [ { "label": "Sustainable Development", "definition": "Principle that engineering solutions must balance current needs with long-term environmental and societal impacts", "abstract_nature": "Intergenerational justice and environmental stewardship", "extensional_examples": ["Green building design", "Renewable energy projects", "Resource conservation"], "value_basis": "Responsibility to future generations", "application_context": ["Infrastructure projects", "Environmental engineering", "Urban planning"], "operationalization": "Through environmental impact assessments, lifecycle analysis, sustainable design criteria", "balancing_requirements": ["Economic feasibility", "Immediate safety needs", "Client requirements"], "examples_from_case": ["Engineer considered long-term environmental impacts", "balanced immediate needs with sustainability"], "source_text": "Engineer considered long-term environmental impacts and balanced immediate needs with sustainability" } ], "principle_individuals": [ { "identifier": "PublicSafety_Case8_Facts", "principle_class": "Public Safety", "concrete_expression": "the safety of the public must be held paramount", "invoked_by": ["Engineer L"], "applied_to": ["stormwater management system design"], "interpretation": "Safety considerations override cost savings in drainage design", "source_text": "the safety of the public must be held paramount", "balancing_with": ["Cost Efficiency", "Client Interests"], "tension_resolution": "Safety takes precedence even if it increases project costs", "case_relevance": "Critical for evaluating adequacy of proposed drainage solution" } ] }