Step 2: Normative Requirements Pass (Facts Section)

You are an expert in professional ethics analyzing a case for constraints (boundaries, limitations, and restrictions). Based on the literature: - Constraints are INVIOLABLE BOUNDARIES that limit acceptable actions (Dennis et al. 2016) - They differ from obligations by being restrictions rather than requirements - Constraints can be legal, physical, resource-based, or procedural - They define the space within which ethical decisions must be made Your task is to: 1. Identify NEW CONSTRAINT CLASSES not in the existing ontology 2. Extract SPECIFIC CONSTRAINT INDIVIDUALS from the case EXISTING CONSTRAINTS IN ONTOLOGY (check if your identified constraints match these before creating new classes): - Competence Constraint: Boundaries defined by agent capabilities and technical limitations (Hallamaa & Kalliokoski 2022) - Confidentiality Constraint: Boundaries on information disclosure and privacy (Dennis et al. 2016) - Constraint: An information content entity expressing limitations or restrictions on professional actions or decisions. This is the Cs component of the formal specification D=(R,P,O,S,Rs,A,E,Ca,Cs). - Defeasible Constraint: Constraints that admit justified exceptions under specified conditions (Ganascia 2007) - Ethical Constraint: Professional ethical boundaries beyond legal requirements (Benzmüller et al. 2020) - Inviolable Constraint: Absolute constraints that cannot be overridden under any circumstances (Dennis et al. 2016) - Jurisdictional Constraint: Boundaries of authority and geographical or organizational scope (Dennis et al. 2016) - Legal Constraint: Constraints arising from legal requirements and statutes that establish inviolable boundaries (Kroll 2020, Stenseke 2024) - Priority Constraint: Constraints establishing precedence when multiple requirements conflict (Scheutz & Malle 2014) - Procedural Constraint: Requirements for following specific processes or protocols (Furbach et al. 2014) - Regulatory Constraint: Constraints from regulatory bodies and professional standards organizations (Taddeo et al. 2024) - Resource Constraint: Limitations on available time, budget, materials, or human resources (Ganascia 2007) - Safety Constraint: Constraints ensuring safety requirements are met (Arkin 2008) - Temporal Constraint: Time-based limitations and deadlines (Govindarajulu & Bringsjord 2017) Analyze this discussion section: Discussion: The Board of Ethical Review (BER) has a rich history of cases dealing with environmental issues like the one Engineer L faces. Several recent cases, including BER Case 22-5 and BER Case 20-4 , emphasize an engineer’s primary responsibility to public health, safety and welfare with an emphasis on safe drinking water. BER Case 76-4 provides a foundation that other BER cases have built upon, and it is appropriate to review the facts and conclusions of that case as we start our analysis. BER Case 76-4 stated that XYZ Corporation was advised by a State Pollution Control Authority of a need to apply for a permit to discharge manufacturing waste into a receiving body of water, and they hired Engineer Doe to perform consulting engineering services and submit a detailed report. Engineer Doe verbally reported to XYZ that their discharge will lower the water quality in the receiving body of water below standards. XYZ instructed Engineer Doe not to complete a written report and paid Engineer Doe the agreed upon fee. Engineer Doe later learned that the Pollution Control Authority would be holding a public hearing and that XYZ Corporation would present data to show their discharge meets minimum standards. The BER noted an engineer’s obligation is to act for each client or employer as a faithful agent or trustee. The case goes on to state “Upon learning of the hearing, he is squarely confronted with his obligations to the public concerning its safety, health, and welfare. Section 2(a) requires that his duty to the public be paramount.” Section 2(a) of the NSPE Code of Ethics (the Code) at that time read “He will regard his duty to the public welfare as paramount.” In BER Case 76-4 , the BER concluded that Doe had an obligation to report his findings to the Pollution Control Authority, and they quoted BER Case 67-10 which stated, “[i]t is basic to the entire concept of a profession that its members will devote their interests to the public welfare, as is made abundantly clear in [Section] 2 and [Section] 2(a) of the [C]ode.” Within this environmental framework, the present case illustrates a conflict between Fundamental Canon I.1, the engineer’s obligation to hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public; and Canon I.4, the engineer’s obligation to act for each employer or client as a faithful agent or trustee. Beyond this basic ethical dilemma, the case invites consideration of ethical disclosure, and how the engineer should best handle the conflict. The BER has considered cases of this type in every decade since its founding in 1958. A classic example of “the disclosure question” forms the crux of BER Case 07-6 . In BER Case 07-6 , Engineer A was a principal in an environmental engineering firm and was requested by a developer client to prepare an analysis of a piece of property adjacent to a wetlands area for potential development as a residential condominium. During the firm’s analysis, one of the engineering firm’s biologists reported to Engineer A that in his opinion, the condominium project could threaten a bird species that inhabited the adjacent protected wetlands area. The bird species was not an “endangered species,” but it was considered a “threatened species” by federal and state environmental regulators. In subsequent discussions with the developer client, Engineer A verbally mentioned the concern, but Engineer A did not include the information in a written report that will be submitted to a public authority that is considering the developer’s proposal. The BER concluded that it was unethical for Engineer A to not include the information about the threat to the bird species in a written report that will be submitted to a public authority. The BER noted that Engineer A was obligated under Code section II.3.a to be objective and truthful in professional reports, statements, or testimony and include all relevant and pertinent information in such reports. The key point of BER Case 07-6 is that information about the threat to the bird species is a “fact” of the case. Similar facts requiring disclosure appear in BER Case 89-7 (safety violations confided by the Client); BER Case 99-8 (incomplete drawings and specifications); BER Case 04-8 (violation of federal and state laws and regulations); BER Case 18-9 (public safety risk of future surge level rise); and BER Case 21-2 (effects of sea level rise and changes in precipitation intensities and recurrence intervals effected by on-going climate change.) In contrast to these prior cases, the present case states that Engineer L is concerned about increased risk over time, but has not developed their work to a point where they can assess risks of potential stormwater runoff resulting from the new development. Thus, Engineer L’s “concern” does not rise to the technical or moral level of “fact,” and per Code section II.3.b, engineers may express publicly technical opinions that are founded upon knowledge of the facts . Beyond the fact limitation, under Fundamental Canon I.4, Engineer L has an affirmative obligation to act as the client’s faithful agent or trustee. When asked in good faith to stop the design work, in the absence of facts to the contrary, there is no reason for Engineer L not to respect the client’s request. The BER’s view is that, while it might be prudent for Engineer L to inform Client X of their concerns, such disclosure is not required under the Code. Turning to the second part of the case, Engineer L is later asked to resume design, and during this phase of the project, additional studies identify a potential risk that heavy rainfall could lead to stormwater runoff from the development reaching the nearby watershed. Although it does not appear Engineer L has completed a professional report per se, Engineer L’s identification of runoff risk is now “fact.” Consistent with Code sections I.4, II.3.a, II.3.b, III.1.b, and III.3.a, Engineer L notified Client X of this risk. Client X’s insistence on moving forward with the project without adequate safeguards creates an ethical dilemma for Engineer L. Code section III.1.b requires that engineers advise their clients or employers when they believe a project will be unsuccessful. Although many BER cases reference this provision, there are relatively few which deal with it directly. BER Case 84-5 is one such case. BER Case 84-5 included a situation where a client hired Engineer A to furnish complete engineering services for a project. Engineer A recommended the client hire a full-time, on-site project representative for the project because of the potentially dangerous nature of implementing the design during the construction phase. The client indicated that hiring the representative would be too costly, and Engineer A continues to work on the project. The BER noted that the issue presented went to the “the heart of the Code of Ethics.” Further stating, “a code of ethics is of course a statement of commitment from a particular profession to assist its members in the protection of the public health and safety. There is probably no better or more valuable purpose for a code of ethics. Engineers, like all other licensed professionals, recognize that the reason for regulation and licensure is the protection of the public health and safety. However, engineers have the desire and commitment to ‘go the extra mile,’ and voluntarily commit themselves to a higher standard of conduct. It is for that reason that the NSPE Code of Ethics was developed and continues to develop as a force in engineering ethics.” BER Case 84-5 noted that, “section III.1.b. clearly requires the engineer to inform a client when the engineer believes that a project will not be successful. The term ‘successful’ includes not merely the structural and economic success of a project but also the success of the project from a safety standpoint. It is clear from the facts that Engineer A did notify the client of the need to hire a full-time, on-site project representative for the construction phase of the project. Therefore, Engineer A did act in accordance with Code section III.1.b.” The problematic behavior in BER Case 84-5 was that, when cost concerns were raised by the client, Engineer A “abandoned the ethical duty [to the public] and proceeded to work on the project.” The BER, in discussing BER Case 84-5 ,felt that “Engineer A acted in a manner that suggests the primary obligation was not the public, but the client’s economic concerns. For that reason, Engineer A was in violation of Code section II.1.a.” We note a direct parallel between the 1984 case and the facts under consideration. In summary, consistent with BER case precedent and the facts of the instant case, Engineer L cannot ethically acquiesce to Client X’s insistence to continue work on the project when Client X refuses to invest in the protective measures identified by Engineer L. Extract constraints following this JSON structure: { "new_constraint_classes": [ { "label": "Clear, specific constraint class name", "definition": "What this type of constraint limits or restricts", "constraint_type": "legal|physical|resource|temporal|procedural", "flexibility": "hard|soft|negotiable", "violation_impact": "What happens if this constraint is violated", "mitigation_possible": "Whether and how this constraint can be mitigated", "examples_from_case": ["Example 1 from the case", "Example 2"], "confidence": 0.0-1.0, "reasoning": "Why this is a new class not in existing ontology" } ], "constraint_individuals": [ { "identifier": "Unique name for this specific constraint instance", "constraint_class": "Name of the constraint class (new or existing)", "constrained_entity": "What or who is constrained (e.g., 'Engineer L', 'Project')", "constraint_statement": "The specific limitation (e.g., 'Cannot exceed budget of $X')", "source": "Origin of constraint (e.g., 'Client budget', 'Environmental law')", "enforcement_mechanism": "How this constraint is enforced", "temporal_scope": "When this constraint applies", "severity": "critical|major|minor", "case_context": "How this constraint manifests in the specific case", "is_existing_class": true/false, "confidence": 0.0-1.0 } ] } Focus on: 1. NEW constraint types that represent novel limitations or boundaries 2. Specific constraint instances showing how limitations apply in this case 3. The difference between constraints (boundaries) and obligations (duties) 4. Impact and severity of constraints on decision-making Return ONLY the JSON structure, no additional text.