{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#Action_Contract_Pursuit",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.449612+00:00",
  "proeth:description": "Engineer A\u0027s firm responds to the RFP from the small local public agency and secures the design contract through its brochure and personal interview.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "Principal, design firm",
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Design Contract In Force"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Win the design contract for the dam project",
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Dam design expertise",
    "Proposal preparation"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "interval",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Project outset, RFP and selection phase",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 2,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Engineer A responds to an RFP from a small local public agency to build a new dam to be financed in part by a federal grant. Engineer A\u2019s firm\u2019s impressive brochure and personal interview results in the award of a contract for the design, drawings, and specifications."
  ],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Contract Pursuit"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#Action_Incomplete_Design_Delivery",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450105+00:00",
  "proeth:description": "Engineer A, under deadline pressure, delivers signed and sealed drawings and specifications that lack much design detail, choosing to meet the specified date rather than complete the design or request more time.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "Design Engineer",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "Incomplete design detail in the delivered documents",
    "Potential increased costs to be covered by federal funds"
  ],
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate, pressured by deadline",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Incomplete Design Documents State"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Meet the specified delivery date for the drawings and specifications",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Dam design competence",
    "Preparation of drawings and specifications"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "During design phase, at the specified delivery date",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 4,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "he felt pressured to deliver the drawings and specifications on a specified date",
    "Engineer A had an obligation to provide a complete set of design drawings and specifications on the project in which Engineer A was engaged"
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [
    "Obligation to provide a complete set of design drawings and specifications",
    "Responsibility to complete plans in conformity with applicable engineering standards"
  ],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Incomplete Design Delivery"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#Action_Nondisclosure_of_Incompleteness",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450161+00:00",
  "proeth:description": "Engineer A does not inform anyone that the drawings and specifications are incomplete, relying on his confidence that federal funds would cover any increased costs. The case treats this omission as his conduct.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "Design Engineer",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "Increased project costs to be covered by federal funds rather than local funding",
    "Bidders relying on incomplete documents"
  ],
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate concealment through silence",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Deceptive Concealment State",
    "Unjustified Public Expenditure Risk"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Avoid consequences of missing the deadline while expecting federal funds to absorb increased costs",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Professional candor and disclosure"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "interval",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "At delivery of the design documents and thereafter until the pre-construction conference",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 5,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "did not inform anyone as to their incompleteness",
    "Engineer A was confident that sufficient federal funds (and not local funding) would cover any potential increased costs",
    "Engineer A\u2019s comment about Federal funds borders on fraud and misrepresentation and is a clear violation of the NSPE Code"
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [
    "Duty to avoid deceptive acts",
    "Responsibility to complete plans in conformity with applicable engineering standards"
  ],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Nondisclosure of Incompleteness"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#Action_Plan_Approval",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450192+00:00",
  "proeth:description": "Engineer B of the federal funding agency approves Engineer A\u0027s signed and sealed drawings and specifications despite their incompleteness, with the local agency lacking in-house resources to review them.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "Engineering staff, federal funding agency",
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Engineer B",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate approval, full circumstances unknown to the Board",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Approved Incomplete Plans State"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Approve the project documents so the project could proceed to bidding",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [
    "Obligation to perform services within their area of competence"
  ],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Competent review of dam design drawings and specifications"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Federal review phase, before advertisement for bids",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 6,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "The signed and sealed drawings and specifications are ultimately approved by Engineer B of the engineering staff of the federal agency funding the project",
    "Engineer B\u2019s approval of Engineer A\u2019s incomplete plans is troubling, although we do not know all of the facts and circumstances relating to the decision to approve"
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [
    "Duty to recognize lack of competency and take appropriate action, such as informing a supervisor"
  ],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": false,
  "rdfs:label": "Plan Approval"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#Action_Low_Bid_Submission",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450217+00:00",
  "proeth:description": "Engineer C, owner of Hi-Lo Construction, submits the low bid on the project after having the opportunity to review the bidding documents, presumably knowing the inadequacies of the documents and the risks involved.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "Owner, Hi-Lo Construction",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "Problems in attempting to build the project from inadequate documents"
  ],
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Engineer C",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate, presumably informed of document inadequacies",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Construction Contract Awarded On Inadequate Documents"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Win the construction contract with the low bid",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Evaluation of engineering drawings, plans, and specifications",
    "Construction cost estimating"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Bidding phase, after advertisement for bids",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 8,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "a contract is awarded to the low bidder, Hi-Lo Construction",
    "Engineer C submitted the low bid on the project, presumably knowing inadequacies of the documents as well as the obvious risks involved"
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [
    "Responsibility to reflect document inadequacies in the bid or seek clarification before bidding"
  ],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Low Bid Submission"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#Action_Deficiency_Disclosure",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450244+00:00",
  "proeth:description": "At the pre-construction conference, Engineer C points out that much of the design detail is lacking and declares that certain parts of the project are unbuildable without major changes, rather than having raised the issues during bidding.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "Owner, Hi-Lo Construction",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "Project delay and cost increase claims"
  ],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Engineer C",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Design Deficiencies Disclosed State"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Put the parties on notice that major changes are needed before construction can proceed",
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Evaluation of engineering drawings, plans, and specifications"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Pre-construction conference",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 11,
  "proeth:terminates": [
    "Deceptive Concealment State"
  ],
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "it is pointed out by Engineer C, owner of Hi-Lo Construction, that much of the design detail is lacking in the drawings and specifications and that Hi-Lo Construction declares that certain parts of the project are \u201cunbuildable\u201d without major changes"
  ],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Deficiency Disclosure"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#Action_Admission_With_Justification",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450269+00:00",
  "proeth:description": "Engineer A generally agrees with Hi-Lo\u0027s characterization of the documents at the pre-construction conference, but defends his conduct by citing deadline pressure and his confidence that federal funds would cover increased costs.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "Design Engineer",
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate, defensive",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Design Incompleteness Acknowledged State"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Acknowledge the incompleteness while deflecting blame to time pressure and expected federal funding",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Professional candor and disclosure"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Pre-construction conference",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 12,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Engineer A generally agrees with Hi-Lo\u2019s characterization, but in his defense responds that he felt pressured to deliver the drawings and specifications on a specified date",
    "Engineer A\u2019s bold assertion that the work was incomplete, but that this was due to time pressures and his expectation that Federal funds would be awarded to complete the work is wholly unconvincing"
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [
    "Duty to avoid deceptive acts"
  ],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Admission With Justification"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#Event_RFP_Issuance",
  "@type": "proeth:Event",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450349+00:00",
  "proeth:confidence": "0.9",
  "proeth:description": "A small local public agency issues a request for proposals for a new dam project financed in part by a federal grant.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventType": "exogenous",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Project Solicitation Open",
    "Federal Grant Funding In Place"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Beginning of the case timeline",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 1,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Engineer A responds to an RFP from a small local public agency to build a new dam to be financed in part by a federal grant."
  ],
  "rdfs:label": "RFP Issuance"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#Event_Design_Contract_Award",
  "@type": "proeth:Event",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450383+00:00",
  "proeth:causedByAction": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#Action_Contract_Pursuit",
  "proeth:confidence": "0.95",
  "proeth:description": "Engineer A\u0027s firm is awarded the contract for the design, drawings, and specifications following its impressive brochure and personal interview.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventType": "outcome",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Design Contract In Force",
    "Engineer A Design Responsibility"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "After the firm\u0027s proposal and interview",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 3,
  "proeth:terminates": [
    "Project Solicitation Open"
  ],
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Engineer A\u2019s firm\u2019s impressive brochure and personal interview results in the award of a contract for the design, drawings, and specifications."
  ],
  "rdfs:label": "Design Contract Award"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#Event_Bid_Advertisement",
  "@type": "proeth:Event",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450407+00:00",
  "proeth:causedByAction": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#Action_Plan_Approval",
  "proeth:confidence": "0.88",
  "proeth:description": "Following federal approval of the signed and sealed drawings and specifications, the project is duly advertised for bids under standard procurement procedure.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventType": "automatic",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Bidding Open"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "interval",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "After Engineer B\u0027s approval of the plans",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 7,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "the project is thereafter duly advertised for bids"
  ],
  "rdfs:label": "Bid Advertisement"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#Event_Construction_Contract_Award",
  "@type": "proeth:Event",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450430+00:00",
  "proeth:causedByAction": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#Action_Low_Bid_Submission",
  "proeth:confidence": "0.9",
  "proeth:description": "The construction contract is awarded to Hi-Lo Construction as the low bidder under the low-bid selection rule.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventType": "automatic",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Construction Contract In Force",
    "Hi-Lo Construction Obligated To Build"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "After bidding closes",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 9,
  "proeth:terminates": [
    "Bidding Open"
  ],
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "a contract is awarded to the low bidder, Hi-Lo Construction"
  ],
  "rdfs:label": "Construction Contract Award"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#Event_Pre-Construction_Conference",
  "@type": "proeth:Event",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450451+00:00",
  "proeth:confidence": "0.8",
  "proeth:description": "The scheduled pre-construction conference convenes, providing the setting in which Engineer C discloses the design deficiencies and Engineer A admits the incompleteness.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventType": "automatic",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Parties Convened For Construction Coordination"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "interval",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "After contract award, before construction begins",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 10,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "At the pre-construction conference, it is pointed out by Engineer C, owner of Hi-Lo Construction, that much of the design detail is lacking in the drawings and specifications"
  ],
  "rdfs:label": "Pre-Construction Conference"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#Event_Design_Deficiency_Revealed",
  "@type": "proeth:Event",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450476+00:00",
  "proeth:causedByAction": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#Action_Deficiency_Disclosure",
  "proeth:confidence": "0.87",
  "proeth:description": "The incompleteness of the drawings and specifications becomes known to the project parties, with certain parts of the project declared unbuildable without major changes, ending the concealment of the deficiencies.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventType": "outcome",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Design Incompleteness Known",
    "Project Buildability In Question"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "At the pre-construction conference",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 13,
  "proeth:terminates": [
    "Design Incompleteness Concealed"
  ],
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Hi-Lo Construction declares that certain parts of the project are \u201cunbuildable\u201d without major changes"
  ],
  "rdfs:label": "Design Deficiency Revealed"
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#CausalChain_1",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450532+00:00",
  "proeth:agentKnowledge": "Engineer A knew the firm was presenting itself as capable of performing the full design within project time parameters",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Engineer A\u2019s firm\u2019s impressive brochure and personal interview results in the award of a contract for the design, drawings, and specifications.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Small local public agency issues RFP for a federally funded dam project",
      "proeth:element": "RFP Issuance",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A\u0027s firm responds with impressive brochure and personal interview",
      "proeth:element": "Contract Pursuit",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Firm is awarded the contract for design, drawings, and specifications",
      "proeth:element": "Design Contract Award",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Contract Pursuit",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Without Engineer A\u0027s pursuit and impressive presentation, the contract would have gone to another firm and Engineer A would not have been in a position to produce deficient plans",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Design Contract Award",
  "proeth:interveningFactors": [
    "Local agency lacked in-house technical resources to independently vet the firm\u0027s capability"
  ],
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Engineer A\u0027s firm responding to the RFP",
    "Impressive brochure and personal interview presentation",
    "Agency\u0027s selection process based on qualifications presentation"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "direct",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Combination of RFP response + persuasive brochure + successful interview was enough to win the award"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#CausalChain_2",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450561+00:00",
  "proeth:agentKnowledge": "Engineer A knew the drawings and specifications were incomplete at the time of delivery",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "he felt pressured to deliver the drawings and specifications on a specified date, but did not inform anyone as to their incompleteness",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A\u0027s firm assumes obligation to provide the complete design",
      "proeth:element": "Design Contract Award",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A feels pressured to deliver drawings and specifications on a specified date",
      "proeth:element": "Deadline Pressure",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A signs and seals drawings and specifications lacking major design detail",
      "proeth:element": "Incomplete Design Delivery",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Design Contract Award",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Had Engineer A managed the schedule competently or requested more time, complete drawings and specifications would likely have been delivered; the award itself did not compel incomplete delivery, so Engineer A\u0027s choice was the operative element within the sufficient set",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Incomplete Design Delivery",
  "proeth:interveningFactors": [
    "Specified delivery date creating schedule pressure"
  ],
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Contract obligating Engineer A to deliver complete design by a specified date",
    "Time/deadline pressure",
    "Engineer A\u0027s decision to seal and deliver despite incompleteness"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "direct",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Deadline pressure + Engineer A\u0027s willingness to submit incomplete work + reliance on anticipated federal funds"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#CausalChain_3",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450583+00:00",
  "proeth:agentKnowledge": "Engineer B may have lacked competence to perform the review; per the Board, \u0027the failure to recognize the lack of competency and take appropriate action to address the situation is a violation of the NSPE Code\u0027",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "The signed and sealed drawings and specifications are ultimately approved by Engineer B of the engineering staff of the federal agency funding the project",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A submits signed and sealed but incomplete drawings and specifications",
      "proeth:element": "Incomplete Design Delivery",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer B reviews the documents despite possible lack of competency for the review",
      "proeth:element": "Federal Agency Review",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer B approves the incomplete plans",
      "proeth:element": "Plan Approval",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Incomplete Design Delivery",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Had the documents not been delivered as ostensibly complete sealed plans, there would have been nothing for Engineer B to approve; a competent review could still have blocked approval, making Engineer B\u0027s failure a co-contributor",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Plan Approval",
  "proeth:interveningFactors": [
    "The local public agency does not have the in-house technical resources to review the drawings and specifications"
  ],
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Submission of signed and sealed documents that appeared to be a final deliverable",
    "Engineer B\u0027s review failing to detect or act on the incompleteness",
    "Absence of any disclosure of incompleteness by Engineer A"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "shared",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer B (with Engineer A as contributing agent)",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Sealed submission presented as complete + inadequate federal review + no local agency technical review capacity"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#CausalChain_4",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450603+00:00",
  "proeth:agentKnowledge": "Engineer A knew the information was missing and \u0027was confident that sufficient federal funds (and not local funding) would cover any potential increased costs\u0027",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Engineer A generally agrees with Hi-Lo\u2019s characterization, but in his defense responds that he felt pressured to deliver the drawings and specifications on a specified date, but did not inform anyone as to their incompleteness.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A informs no one that the sealed documents are incomplete",
      "proeth:element": "Nondisclosure of Incompleteness",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer B approves the plans without detecting deficiencies",
      "proeth:element": "Plan Approval",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Contract awarded to Hi-Lo based on the deficient documents",
      "proeth:element": "Construction Contract Award",
      "proeth:step": 3
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Parties convene before construction begins",
      "proeth:element": "Pre-Construction Conference",
      "proeth:step": 4
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Incompleteness and \u0027unbuildable\u0027 portions become known to all parties",
      "proeth:element": "Design Deficiency Revealed",
      "proeth:step": 5
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Nondisclosure of Incompleteness",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Had Engineer A informed the owner or federal agency of the incompleteness, the deficiency would have been revealed before advertisement and bidding, not at the pre-construction conference",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Design Deficiency Revealed",
  "proeth:interveningFactors": [
    "Engineer B\u0027s approval lending apparent legitimacy to the documents",
    "Local agency\u0027s inability to review"
  ],
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Engineer A\u0027s silence about the missing design detail",
    "No party with knowledge of the deficiencies until the contractor\u0027s review",
    "Progression of the project to construction phase before discovery"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "direct",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Concealment by Engineer A + approval by Engineer B + award to a contractor who examined the documents ensured the deficiencies would surface only at the pre-construction stage"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#CausalChain_5",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450625+00:00",
  "proeth:agentKnowledge": "Unknown whether Engineer B recognized the deficiencies; the Board notes \u0027we do not know all of the facts and circumstances relating to the decision to approve\u0027",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "the project is thereafter duly advertised for bids and a contract is awarded to the low bidder, Hi-Lo Construction",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer B approves the incomplete plans on behalf of the funding agency",
      "proeth:element": "Plan Approval",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "The project is duly advertised for bids based on the approved documents",
      "proeth:element": "Bid Advertisement",
      "proeth:step": 2
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Plan Approval",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Without Engineer B\u0027s approval, the federally funded project would not have been advertised for bids on incomplete documents",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Bid Advertisement",
  "proeth:interveningFactors": [
    "Local agency\u0027s lack of in-house technical review capacity"
  ],
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Federal agency approval of the signed and sealed documents",
    "Federal grant funding contingent on that approval",
    "Owner\u0027s decision to proceed to procurement"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "indirect",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer B",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Approval by the funding agency + owner\u0027s procurement process was enough to trigger advertisement"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#CausalChain_6",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450644+00:00",
  "proeth:agentKnowledge": "As an engineer and contractor, Engineer C \u0027had the necessary background and experience to carefully evaluate the engineering drawings\u0027 and presumably knew the documents were inadequate",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Presumably, Engineer C had an opportunity to review the bidding documents which included appropriate engineering drawings, plans, and specifications.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Project advertised with incomplete drawings and specifications",
      "proeth:element": "Bid Advertisement",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer C has the opportunity to review the deficient bidding documents",
      "proeth:element": "Bid Document Review",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer C submits the low bid despite knowable inadequacies and risks",
      "proeth:element": "Low Bid Submission",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Bid Advertisement",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Without the advertisement there could be no bid; and had Engineer C priced the inadequacies or sought clarification, the low bid as submitted would likely not have occurred",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "discussion",
  "proeth:effect": "Low Bid Submission",
  "proeth:interveningFactors": [
    "Incomplete documents produced by Engineer A",
    "Competitive low-bid selection process"
  ],
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Public advertisement making bid documents available",
    "Engineer C\u0027s decision to bid despite reviewable inadequacies",
    "Low-bid procurement framework"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "direct",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer C",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Advertisement + Engineer C\u0027s willingness to bid low \u0027presumably knowing inadequacies of the documents as well as the obvious risks involved\u0027"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#CausalChain_7",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450661+00:00",
  "proeth:agentKnowledge": "Engineer C \u0027submitted the low bid on the project, presumably knowing inadequacies of the documents as well as the obvious risks involved\u0027",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "a contract is awarded to the low bidder, Hi-Lo Construction",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer C submits the lowest bid on the deficient documents",
      "proeth:element": "Low Bid Submission",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Contract awarded to Hi-Lo Construction under low-bid selection",
      "proeth:element": "Construction Contract Award",
      "proeth:step": 2
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Low Bid Submission",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Had Hi-Lo not submitted the low bid, another contractor would have received the award, and Engineer C would not have encountered the buildability problems",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Construction Contract Award",
  "proeth:interveningFactors": [
    "Owner\u0027s lack of technical resources to screen the documents or bids for feasibility"
  ],
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Hi-Lo\u0027s bid being the lowest submitted",
    "Low-bid award rules governing public procurement",
    "Owner\u0027s acceptance of the bid"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "shared",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer C (with the local public agency administering the award)",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Lowest responsive bid + mandatory low-bid selection was enough to secure the award"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#CausalChain_8",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450679+00:00",
  "proeth:agentKnowledge": "Engineer C knew from reviewing the documents that much of the design detail was lacking and parts were unbuildable",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "At the pre-construction conference, it is pointed out by Engineer C, owner of Hi-Lo Construction, that much of the design detail is lacking in the drawings and specifications and that Hi-Lo Construction declares that certain parts of the project are \u201cunbuildable\u201d without major changes.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Hi-Lo becomes the contractor obligated to build from the deficient documents",
      "proeth:element": "Construction Contract Award",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Scheduled conference convenes with all project parties",
      "proeth:element": "Pre-Construction Conference",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer C declares design detail lacking and parts of the project unbuildable",
      "proeth:element": "Deficiency Disclosure",
      "proeth:step": 3
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A agrees with the characterization, citing deadline pressure and expected federal funds",
      "proeth:element": "Admission With Justification",
      "proeth:step": 4
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Incompleteness becomes known to all project parties",
      "proeth:element": "Design Deficiency Revealed",
      "proeth:step": 5
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Pre-Construction Conference",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "The deficiencies would eventually have surfaced during construction, but the conference provided the setting for disclosure before work began; without it, discovery would likely have been later and more costly",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Deficiency Disclosure",
  "proeth:interveningFactors": [
    "Timing of the conference after contract award rather than before bidding"
  ],
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Convening of the pre-construction conference as a forum",
    "Engineer C\u0027s detailed knowledge of the documents\u0027 inadequacies",
    "Engineer C\u0027s decision to raise the issue"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "direct",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer C",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Conference forum + Engineer C\u0027s knowledge of missing design detail was enough to produce the disclosure"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/85#CausalChain_9",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-13T13:31:41.450697+00:00",
  "proeth:agentKnowledge": "Engineer A had known all along the documents were incomplete; the Board finds the justification \u0027wholly unconvincing\u0027 and the federal-funds rationale \u0027borders on fraud and misrepresentation\u0027",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Engineer A generally agrees with Hi-Lo\u2019s characterization, but in his defense responds that he felt pressured to deliver the drawings and specifications on a specified date",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer C points out lacking design detail and unbuildable elements",
      "proeth:element": "Deficiency Disclosure",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A agrees but defends himself citing time pressure and expected federal funds",
      "proeth:element": "Admission With Justification",
      "proeth:step": 2
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Deficiency Disclosure",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Without Engineer C\u0027s disclosure, Engineer A would have had no occasion to admit the incompleteness, having previously \u0027not inform[ed] anyone as to their incompleteness\u0027",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Admission With Justification",
  "proeth:interveningFactors": [
    "Engineer C\u0027s confrontation forcing acknowledgment"
  ],
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Engineer C\u0027s public identification of the missing design detail",
    "Engineer A\u0027s presence at the conference",
    "Engineer A\u0027s inability to credibly deny the documented deficiencies"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "direct",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Direct confrontation with accurate deficiency claims at the conference was enough to elicit Engineer A\u0027s admission"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}