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Overview
Provenance Draft

PASS 3: Temporal Dynamics

Case 121: Use Of CD-ROM For Highway Design

16 entities 3 actions 2 events 6 causal chains 4 temporal relations
Timeline Overview
Action Event 8 sequenced markers
Solicitation Receipt Beginning of the case, before Engineer A orders the CD-ROM
CD-ROM Delivery After Engineer A orders the CD-ROM and before Engineer A begins offering facilities design and construction services
Following the firm's interview with the public utility in Case 78-5
During the construction phase of the design/build project in Case 94-8
During construction of the industrial facility in Case 94-8
Product Ordering After receiving the mail solicitation
Service Offering Commencement After ordering and receiving the CD-ROM
Board Ethical Finding At the time of the case review, after Engineer A began offering services
OWL-Time Temporal Structure 4 relations time: = w3.org/2006/time
Engineer A receives direct mail solicitation time:intervalBefore Engineer A orders the CD-ROM
Engineer A orders the CD-ROM time:intervalBefore Engineer A begins to offer facilities design and construction services
Board of Ethical Review precedent examinations (Cases 71-2, 78-5, 94-8) time:intervalBefore current Board analysis of Engineer A's CD-ROM conduct
Engineer A's conduct (ordering CD-ROM and offering services) time:intervalBefore Board's retrospective ethical analysis and conclusion
Extracted Actions (3)
Volitional professional decisions with intentions and ethical context

Description: Engineer A responds to the direct mail solicitation and orders the CD-ROM that claims to enable design of any construction project regardless of experience.

Temporal Marker: After receiving the mail solicitation instant

Fluent Transitions:
Initiates (1)
  • Self-Certified Competency State

Mental State: deliberate

Intended Outcome: Acquire a tool to enable offering facilities design and construction services and increase profits

Foreseen Unintended Effects:

  • Reliance on a point-and-click library in place of substantive engineering education and experience
Obligation Engagement:
At stake (1)
  • Duty to Practice Only Within Areas of Competence
Required Capabilities:
Basic professional judgment in evaluating tools and solicitations
Within Competence: Yes
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • requiresCapability: Basic professional judgment in evaluating tools and solicitations
  • initiates: Self-Certified Competency State
  • raisesObligation: Duty to Practice Only Within Areas of Competence
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • description content: Engineer A responds to the direct mail solicitation and orders the CD-ROM that claims to enable design of any construction project regardless of experience.
  • hasAgent content: Engineer A
  • temporalMarker content: After receiving the mail solicitation
  • eventRoleContext content: chemical engineer
  • hasMentalState content: deliberate
  • intendedOutcome content: Acquire a tool to enable offering facilities design and construction services and increase profits
  • foreseenUnintendedEffects content: Reliance on a point-and-click library in place of substantive engineering education and experience
  • textReferences content: Engineer A orders the CD-ROM; Simply sign and return this letter today and you’ll be among the first engineers to see how this full-featured interactive library of standard design can help you work faster than ever and increase your firm’s profits.
  • temporalExtent content: instant
  • temporalSequence content: 5
  • withinCompetence assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
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    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#Action_Product_Ordering",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "proeth:description": "Engineer A responds to the direct mail solicitation and orders the CD-ROM that claims to enable design of any construction project regardless of experience.",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "chemical engineer",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "Reliance on a point-and-click library in place of substantive engineering education and experience"
  ],
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Self-Certified Competency State"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Acquire a tool to enable offering facilities design and construction services and increase profits",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [
    "Duty to Practice Only Within Areas of Competence"
  ],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Basic professional judgment in evaluating tools and solicitations"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "After receiving the mail solicitation",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 5,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Engineer A orders the CD-ROM",
    "Simply sign and return this letter today and you\u2019ll be among the first engineers to see how this full-featured interactive library of standard design can help you work faster than ever and increase your firm\u2019s profits."
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Product Ordering"
}

Description: Engineer A begins offering facilities design and construction services to clients despite having no substantive background or experience in that field, relying on the CD-ROM as the basis of his competency.

Temporal Marker: After ordering and receiving the CD-ROM interval

Fluent Transitions:
Initiates (2)
  • Practice Outside Area of Competence State
  • Public Health and Safety Risk State

Mental State: deliberate

Intended Outcome: Secure new construction work and increase firm profits

Foreseen Unintended Effects:

  • Risk to public health and safety from services performed without appropriate education and experience
Obligation Engagement:
Violates (2)
  • Duty to Practice Only Within Areas of Competence
  • Obligation to Seek Work Only Where Qualified or Retain Qualified Experts
Required Capabilities:
Civil engineering competence Structural engineering competence Mechanical engineering competence Electrical engineering competence Facilities design and construction experience
Within Competence: No
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • violatesObligation: Duty to Practice Only Within Areas of Competence; Obligation to Seek Work Only Where Qualified or Retain Qualified Experts
  • requiresCapability: Civil engineering competence; Structural engineering competence; Mechanical engineering competence; Electrical engineering competence; Facilities design and construction experience
  • initiates: Practice Outside Area of Competence State; Public Health and Safety Risk State
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • description content: Engineer A begins offering facilities design and construction services to clients despite having no substantive background or experience in that field, relying on the CD-ROM as the basis of his competency.
  • hasAgent content: Engineer A
  • temporalMarker content: After ordering and receiving the CD-ROM
  • eventRoleContext content: chemical engineer
  • hasMentalState content: deliberate
  • intendedOutcome content: Secure new construction work and increase firm profits
  • foreseenUnintendedEffects content: Risk to public health and safety from services performed without appropriate education and experience
  • textReferences content: begins to offer facilities design and construction services; Engineer A, a chemical engineer, has no apparent substantive background or experience in the area of facilities design and construction
  • temporalExtent content: interval
  • temporalSequence content: 7
  • withinCompetence assessment: False
RDF JSON-LD 
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  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
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  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#Action_Service_Offering_Commencement",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "proeth:description": "Engineer A begins offering facilities design and construction services to clients despite having no substantive background or experience in that field, relying on the CD-ROM as the basis of his competency.",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "chemical engineer",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "Risk to public health and safety from services performed without appropriate education and experience"
  ],
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Practice Outside Area of Competence State",
    "Public Health and Safety Risk State"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Secure new construction work and increase firm profits",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Civil engineering competence",
    "Structural engineering competence",
    "Mechanical engineering competence",
    "Electrical engineering competence",
    "Facilities design and construction experience"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "interval",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "After ordering and receiving the CD-ROM",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 7,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "begins to offer facilities design and construction services",
    "Engineer A, a chemical engineer, has no apparent substantive background or experience in the area of facilities design and construction"
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [
    "Duty to Practice Only Within Areas of Competence",
    "Obligation to Seek Work Only Where Qualified or Retain Qualified Experts"
  ],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": false,
  "rdfs:label": "Service Offering Commencement"
}

Description: The Board of Ethical Review concludes that Engineer A's ordering and use of the CD-ROM to self-certify competency for facilities design and construction services is completely contrary to the Code of Ethics.

Temporal Marker: At the time of the case review, after Engineer A began offering services instant

Fluent Transitions:
Initiates (1)
  • Unethical Conduct Determination State

Mental State: deliberate

Intended Outcome: Establish that self-certification of competency through a how-to CD-ROM violates the ethical principles of the Code

Foreseen Unintended Effects:

  • Possible misreading as a wholesale rejection of technology, which the Board expressly disclaims
Guided By Principles:
  • Protection of Public Health and Safety
  • Practice Solely Within Areas of Competency
  • Primacy of Engineering Judgment
Required Capabilities:
Ethical review and interpretation of the NSPE Code of Ethics
Within Competence: Yes
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • guidedByPrinciple: Protection of Public Health and Safety; Practice Solely Within Areas of Competency; Primacy of Engineering Judgment
  • requiresCapability: Ethical review and interpretation of the NSPE Code of Ethics
  • initiates: Unethical Conduct Determination State
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • description content: The Board of Ethical Review concludes that Engineer A's ordering and use of the CD-ROM to self-certify competency for facilities design and construction services is completely contrary to the Code of Ethics.
  • hasAgent content: NSPE Board of Ethical Review
  • temporalMarker content: At the time of the case review, after Engineer A began offering services
  • hasMentalState content: deliberate
  • intendedOutcome content: Establish that self-certification of competency through a how-to CD-ROM violates the ethical principles of the Code
  • foreseenUnintendedEffects content: Possible misreading as a wholesale rejection of technology, which the Board expressly disclaims
  • textReferences content: The Board considers such activities completely contrary to the basic ethical principles established in the Code of Ethics.; it is the Board’s position that technology has an important place in the practice of engineering, but it must never be a replacement of a substitute for engineering judgment
  • temporalExtent content: instant
  • temporalSequence content: 8
  • withinCompetence assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
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  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#",
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  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#Action_Board_Ethical_Finding",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "proeth:description": "The Board of Ethical Review concludes that Engineer A\u0027s ordering and use of the CD-ROM to self-certify competency for facilities design and construction services is completely contrary to the Code of Ethics.",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "Possible misreading as a wholesale rejection of technology, which the Board expressly disclaims"
  ],
  "proeth:guidedByPrinciple": [
    "Protection of Public Health and Safety",
    "Practice Solely Within Areas of Competency",
    "Primacy of Engineering Judgment"
  ],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "NSPE Board of Ethical Review",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Unethical Conduct Determination State"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Establish that self-certification of competency through a how-to CD-ROM violates the ethical principles of the Code",
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Ethical review and interpretation of the NSPE Code of Ethics"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "At the time of the case review, after Engineer A began offering services",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 8,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "The Board considers such activities completely contrary to the basic ethical principles established in the Code of Ethics.",
    "it is the Board\u2019s position that technology has an important place in the practice of engineering, but it must never be a replacement of a substitute for engineering judgment"
  ],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Board Ethical Finding"
}
Extracted Events (2)
Occurrences that trigger ethical considerations and state changes

Description: Engineer A, a chemical engineer with no facilities design and construction experience, receives an unsolicited direct mail advertisement for a CD-ROM claiming to enable any engineer to specify, design, and cost out construction projects regardless of design experience.

Temporal Marker: Beginning of the case, before Engineer A orders the CD-ROM instant

Fluent Transitions:
Initiates (2)
  • Solicitation Received State
  • Unqualified Practice Temptation State
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • initiates: Solicitation Received State; Unqualified Practice Temptation State
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • description content: Engineer A, a chemical engineer with no facilities design and construction experience, receives an unsolicited direct mail advertisement for a CD-ROM claiming to enable any engineer to specify, design, and cost out construction projects regardless of design experience.
  • temporalMarker content: Beginning of the case, before Engineer A orders the CD-ROM
  • textReferences content: Engineer A, a chemical engineer with no facilities design and construction experience, receives a solicitation in the mail; Now - - thanks to a revolutionary new CD-ROM - specifying, designing and costing out any construction project is as easy as pointing and clicking your mouse - no matter your design experience.
  • eventType content: exogenous
  • temporalExtent content: instant
  • temporalSequence content: 4
  • confidence assessment: 0.95
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#Event_Solicitation_Receipt",
  "@type": "proeth:Event",
  "proeth:confidence": "0.95",
  "proeth:description": "Engineer A, a chemical engineer with no facilities design and construction experience, receives an unsolicited direct mail advertisement for a CD-ROM claiming to enable any engineer to specify, design, and cost out construction projects regardless of design experience.",
  "proeth:eventType": "exogenous",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Solicitation Received State",
    "Unqualified Practice Temptation State"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Beginning of the case, before Engineer A orders the CD-ROM",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 4,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Engineer A, a chemical engineer with no facilities design and construction experience, receives a solicitation in the mail",
    "Now - - thanks to a revolutionary new CD-ROM - specifying, designing and costing out any construction project is as easy as pointing and clicking your mouse - no matter your design experience."
  ],
  "rdfs:label": "Solicitation Receipt"
}

Description: Following Engineer A's order, the CD-ROM product is delivered to Engineer A, who then uses it as the basis for offering facilities design and construction services. Delivery is the fulfillment of the mail order and is implied by the Board's reference to Engineer A ordering and using the CD-ROM.

Temporal Marker: After Engineer A orders the CD-ROM and before Engineer A begins offering facilities design and construction services instant

Fluent Transitions:
Initiates (2)
  • CD-ROM Possession State
  • Self-Certified Competency State

Caused By Action: Action_Product_Ordering

Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • causedByAction: http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#Action_Product_Ordering
  • initiates: CD-ROM Possession State; Self-Certified Competency State
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • description content: Following Engineer A's order, the CD-ROM product is delivered to Engineer A, who then uses it as the basis for offering facilities design and construction services. Delivery is the fulfillment of the mail order and is implied by the Board's reference to Engineer A ordering and using the CD-ROM.
  • temporalMarker content: After Engineer A orders the CD-ROM and before Engineer A begins offering facilities design and construction services
  • textReferences content: Engineer A orders the CD-ROM and begins to offer facilities design and construction services.; By ordering and using the CD-ROM, Engineer A in a sense was “self-certifying” his competency to perform facilities design and construction services
  • eventType content: automatic
  • temporalExtent content: instant
  • temporalSequence content: 6
  • confidence assessment: 0.7
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#Event_CD-ROM_Delivery",
  "@type": "proeth:Event",
  "proeth:causedByAction": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#Action_Product_Ordering",
  "proeth:confidence": "0.7",
  "proeth:description": "Following Engineer A\u0027s order, the CD-ROM product is delivered to Engineer A, who then uses it as the basis for offering facilities design and construction services. Delivery is the fulfillment of the mail order and is implied by the Board\u0027s reference to Engineer A ordering and using the CD-ROM.",
  "proeth:eventType": "automatic",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "CD-ROM Possession State",
    "Self-Certified Competency State"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "After Engineer A orders the CD-ROM and before Engineer A begins offering facilities design and construction services",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 6,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Engineer A orders the CD-ROM and begins to offer facilities design and construction services.",
    "By ordering and using the CD-ROM, Engineer A in a sense was \u201cself-certifying\u201d his competency to perform facilities design and construction services"
  ],
  "rdfs:label": "CD-ROM Delivery"
}
Causal Chains (6)
NESS test analysis: Necessary Element of Sufficient Set

Causal Language: Engineer A, a chemical engineer with no facilities design and construction experience, receives a solicitation in the mail with the following information: “Engineers today cannot afford to pass up a single job that comes by - including construction projects that may be new or unfamiliar.

Necessary Factors (NESS):
  • Receipt of the direct mail solicitation advertising the CD-ROM
  • Engineer A's lack of facilities design and construction experience creating susceptibility to the marketing claim
  • Marketing message promising design capability regardless of experience
Sufficient Factors:
  • Solicitation receipt combined with Engineer A's willingness to expand into unfamiliar practice areas for profit
Counterfactual Test: Without receiving the solicitation, Engineer A would have had no knowledge of or access to the CD-ROM product and would not have ordered it
Responsibility Attribution:

Agent: Engineer A
Type: shared
Within Agent Control: Yes

Causal Sequence:
  1. Solicitation Receipt
    Engineer A receives unsolicited direct mail promoting a CD-ROM that claims to enable design of any construction project
  2. Evaluation of Marketing Claims
    Engineer A considers the promise that 'specifying, designing and costing out any construction project is as easy as pointing and clicking'
  3. Product Ordering
    Engineer A signs and returns the letter, ordering the CD-ROM
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • cause: Solicitation Receipt
  • effect: Product Ordering
  • responsibleAgent: Engineer A
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • causalLanguage content: Engineer A, a chemical engineer with no facilities design and construction experience, receives a solicitation in the mail with the following information: “Engineers today cannot afford to pass up a single job that comes by - including construction projects that may be new or unfamiliar.
  • necessaryFactors content: Receipt of the direct mail solicitation advertising the CD-ROM; Engineer A's lack of facilities design and construction experience creating susceptibility to the marketing claim; Marketing message promising design capability regardless of experience
  • sufficientFactors content: Solicitation receipt combined with Engineer A's willingness to expand into unfamiliar practice areas for profit
  • counterfactual content: Without receiving the solicitation, Engineer A would have had no knowledge of or access to the CD-ROM product and would not have ordered it
  • causalSequence content: {'proeth:step': 1, 'proeth:element': 'Solicitation Receipt', 'proeth:description': 'Engineer A receives unsolicited direct mail promoting a CD-ROM that claims to enable design of any construction project'}; {'proeth:step': 2, 'proeth:element': 'Evaluation of Marketing Claims', 'proeth:description': "Engineer A considers the promise that 'specifying, designing and costing out any construction project is as easy as pointing and clicking'"}; {'proeth:step': 3, 'proeth:element': 'Product Ordering', 'proeth:description': 'Engineer A signs and returns the letter, ordering the CD-ROM'}
  • responsibilityType assessment: shared
  • withinAgentControl assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
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    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#CausalChain_1",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Engineer A, a chemical engineer with no facilities design and construction experience, receives a solicitation in the mail with the following information: \u201cEngineers today cannot afford to pass up a single job that comes by - including construction projects that may be new or unfamiliar.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A receives unsolicited direct mail promoting a CD-ROM that claims to enable design of any construction project",
      "proeth:element": "Solicitation Receipt",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A considers the promise that \u0027specifying, designing and costing out any construction project is as easy as pointing and clicking\u0027",
      "proeth:element": "Evaluation of Marketing Claims",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A signs and returns the letter, ordering the CD-ROM",
      "proeth:element": "Product Ordering",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Solicitation Receipt",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Without receiving the solicitation, Engineer A would have had no knowledge of or access to the CD-ROM product and would not have ordered it",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Product Ordering",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Receipt of the direct mail solicitation advertising the CD-ROM",
    "Engineer A\u0027s lack of facilities design and construction experience creating susceptibility to the marketing claim",
    "Marketing message promising design capability regardless of experience"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "shared",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Solicitation receipt combined with Engineer A\u0027s willingness to expand into unfamiliar practice areas for profit"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

Causal Language: Engineer A orders the CD-ROM and begins to offer facilities design and construction services.

Necessary Factors (NESS):
  • Engineer A signing and returning the solicitation letter
  • Vendor fulfillment of the order
Sufficient Factors:
  • Engineer A's completed order combined with the vendor's active sales operation
Counterfactual Test: Without Engineer A's order, the CD-ROM would never have been delivered to him
Responsibility Attribution:

Agent: Engineer A
Type: direct
Within Agent Control: Yes

Causal Sequence:
  1. Product Ordering
    Engineer A signs and returns the letter to order the CD-ROM
  2. Vendor Fulfillment
    The vendor processes the order and ships the product
  3. CD-ROM Delivery
    The CD-ROM arrives and becomes available for Engineer A's use as a claimed basis of competence
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • cause: Product Ordering
  • effect: CD-ROM Delivery
  • responsibleAgent: Engineer A
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • causalLanguage content: Engineer A orders the CD-ROM and begins to offer facilities design and construction services.
  • necessaryFactors content: Engineer A signing and returning the solicitation letter; Vendor fulfillment of the order
  • sufficientFactors content: Engineer A's completed order combined with the vendor's active sales operation
  • counterfactual content: Without Engineer A's order, the CD-ROM would never have been delivered to him
  • causalSequence content: {'proeth:step': 1, 'proeth:element': 'Product Ordering', 'proeth:description': 'Engineer A signs and returns the letter to order the CD-ROM'}; {'proeth:step': 2, 'proeth:element': 'Vendor Fulfillment', 'proeth:description': 'The vendor processes the order and ships the product'}; {'proeth:step': 3, 'proeth:element': 'CD-ROM Delivery', 'proeth:description': "The CD-ROM arrives and becomes available for Engineer A's use as a claimed basis of competence"}
  • responsibilityType assessment: direct
  • withinAgentControl assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#CausalChain_2",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Engineer A orders the CD-ROM and begins to offer facilities design and construction services.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A signs and returns the letter to order the CD-ROM",
      "proeth:element": "Product Ordering",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "The vendor processes the order and ships the product",
      "proeth:element": "Vendor Fulfillment",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "The CD-ROM arrives and becomes available for Engineer A\u0027s use as a claimed basis of competence",
      "proeth:element": "CD-ROM Delivery",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Product Ordering",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Without Engineer A\u0027s order, the CD-ROM would never have been delivered to him",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "CD-ROM Delivery",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Engineer A signing and returning the solicitation letter",
    "Vendor fulfillment of the order"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "direct",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Engineer A\u0027s completed order combined with the vendor\u0027s active sales operation"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

Causal Language: By ordering and using the CD-ROM, Engineer A in a sense was “self-certifying” his competency to perform facilities design and construction services without obtaining the substantive education, experience, and qualifications to perform those services in a competent and professional manner.

Necessary Factors (NESS):
  • Possession of the CD-ROM as the claimed basis of design capability
  • Engineer A's decision to treat the tool as a substitute for education and experience
  • Absence of any actual facilities design and construction background
Sufficient Factors:
  • CD-ROM availability combined with Engineer A's willingness to self-certify competency and market services outside his discipline
Counterfactual Test: Without the CD-ROM, Engineer A, having no facilities design and construction experience, would have had no purported basis to begin offering such services
Responsibility Attribution:

Agent: Engineer A
Type: direct
Within Agent Control: Yes

Causal Sequence:
  1. CD-ROM Delivery
    Engineer A receives the CD-ROM promising interactive standard designs for any project type
  2. Self-Certification of Competency
    Engineer A treats the CD-ROM as an adequate basis of professional competency in facilities design
  3. Service Offering Commencement
    Engineer A begins offering facilities design and construction services to clients
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • cause: CD-ROM Delivery
  • effect: Service Offering Commencement
  • responsibleAgent: Engineer A
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • causalLanguage content: By ordering and using the CD-ROM, Engineer A in a sense was “self-certifying” his competency to perform facilities design and construction services without obtaining the substantive education, experience, and qualifications to perform those services in a competent and professional manner.
  • necessaryFactors content: Possession of the CD-ROM as the claimed basis of design capability; Engineer A's decision to treat the tool as a substitute for education and experience; Absence of any actual facilities design and construction background
  • sufficientFactors content: CD-ROM availability combined with Engineer A's willingness to self-certify competency and market services outside his discipline
  • counterfactual content: Without the CD-ROM, Engineer A, having no facilities design and construction experience, would have had no purported basis to begin offering such services
  • causalSequence content: {'proeth:step': 1, 'proeth:element': 'CD-ROM Delivery', 'proeth:description': 'Engineer A receives the CD-ROM promising interactive standard designs for any project type'}; {'proeth:step': 2, 'proeth:element': 'Self-Certification of Competency', 'proeth:description': 'Engineer A treats the CD-ROM as an adequate basis of professional competency in facilities design'}; {'proeth:step': 3, 'proeth:element': 'Service Offering Commencement', 'proeth:description': 'Engineer A begins offering facilities design and construction services to clients'}
  • responsibilityType assessment: direct
  • withinAgentControl assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#CausalChain_3",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "By ordering and using the CD-ROM, Engineer A in a sense was \u201cself-certifying\u201d his competency to perform facilities design and construction services without obtaining the substantive education, experience, and qualifications to perform those services in a competent and professional manner.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A receives the CD-ROM promising interactive standard designs for any project type",
      "proeth:element": "CD-ROM Delivery",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A treats the CD-ROM as an adequate basis of professional competency in facilities design",
      "proeth:element": "Self-Certification of Competency",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A begins offering facilities design and construction services to clients",
      "proeth:element": "Service Offering Commencement",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "CD-ROM Delivery",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Without the CD-ROM, Engineer A, having no facilities design and construction experience, would have had no purported basis to begin offering such services",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "discussion",
  "proeth:effect": "Service Offering Commencement",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Possession of the CD-ROM as the claimed basis of design capability",
    "Engineer A\u0027s decision to treat the tool as a substitute for education and experience",
    "Absence of any actual facilities design and construction background"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "direct",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "CD-ROM availability combined with Engineer A\u0027s willingness to self-certify competency and market services outside his discipline"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

Causal Language: The Board considers such activities completely contrary to the basic ethical principles established in the Code of Ethics.

Necessary Factors (NESS):
  • Engineer A offering facilities design and construction services without substantive background
  • Reliance on the CD-ROM as the sole basis of competency
  • Existence of Code Section II.2.a requiring practice within areas of competence
Sufficient Factors:
  • Offering services outside one's area of competence based on self-certification via a 'how to' CD-ROM, judged against the Code and precedents (Cases 94-8, 71-2, 78-5)
Counterfactual Test: Had Engineer A not offered facilities design services, or had he obtained proper education/experience or retained qualified experts, the Board would not have found his conduct unethical
Responsibility Attribution:

Agent: Engineer A
Type: direct
Within Agent Control: Yes

Causal Sequence:
  1. Service Offering Commencement
    Engineer A begins offering facilities design and construction services relying on the CD-ROM
  2. Ethical Standard Application
    Conduct is measured against Code Section II.2.a and the principle of practicing solely within areas of competency
  3. Precedent Comparison
    The Board analogizes to prior cases (94-8, 71-2, 78-5) and to 'diploma mill' self-certification
  4. Board Ethical Finding
    The Board concludes Engineer A's self-certification via CD-ROM is completely contrary to the Code of Ethics
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • cause: Service Offering Commencement
  • effect: Board Ethical Finding
  • responsibleAgent: Engineer A
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • causalLanguage content: The Board considers such activities completely contrary to the basic ethical principles established in the Code of Ethics.
  • necessaryFactors content: Engineer A offering facilities design and construction services without substantive background; Reliance on the CD-ROM as the sole basis of competency; Existence of Code Section II.2.a requiring practice within areas of competence
  • sufficientFactors content: Offering services outside one's area of competence based on self-certification via a 'how to' CD-ROM, judged against the Code and precedents (Cases 94-8, 71-2, 78-5)
  • counterfactual content: Had Engineer A not offered facilities design services, or had he obtained proper education/experience or retained qualified experts, the Board would not have found his conduct unethical
  • causalSequence content: {'proeth:step': 1, 'proeth:element': 'Service Offering Commencement', 'proeth:description': 'Engineer A begins offering facilities design and construction services relying on the CD-ROM'}; {'proeth:step': 2, 'proeth:element': 'Ethical Standard Application', 'proeth:description': 'Conduct is measured against Code Section II.2.a and the principle of practicing solely within areas of competency'}; {'proeth:step': 3, 'proeth:element': 'Precedent Comparison', 'proeth:description': "The Board analogizes to prior cases (94-8, 71-2, 78-5) and to 'diploma mill' self-certification"}; {'proeth:step': 4, 'proeth:element': 'Board Ethical Finding', 'proeth:description': "The Board concludes Engineer A's self-certification via CD-ROM is completely contrary to the Code of Ethics"}
  • responsibilityType assessment: direct
  • withinAgentControl assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#CausalChain_4",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "The Board considers such activities completely contrary to the basic ethical principles established in the Code of Ethics.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A begins offering facilities design and construction services relying on the CD-ROM",
      "proeth:element": "Service Offering Commencement",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Conduct is measured against Code Section II.2.a and the principle of practicing solely within areas of competency",
      "proeth:element": "Ethical Standard Application",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "The Board analogizes to prior cases (94-8, 71-2, 78-5) and to \u0027diploma mill\u0027 self-certification",
      "proeth:element": "Precedent Comparison",
      "proeth:step": 3
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "The Board concludes Engineer A\u0027s self-certification via CD-ROM is completely contrary to the Code of Ethics",
      "proeth:element": "Board Ethical Finding",
      "proeth:step": 4
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Service Offering Commencement",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Had Engineer A not offered facilities design services, or had he obtained proper education/experience or retained qualified experts, the Board would not have found his conduct unethical",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "discussion",
  "proeth:effect": "Board Ethical Finding",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Engineer A offering facilities design and construction services without substantive background",
    "Reliance on the CD-ROM as the sole basis of competency",
    "Existence of Code Section II.2.a requiring practice within areas of competence"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "direct",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Offering services outside one\u0027s area of competence based on self-certification via a \u0027how to\u0027 CD-ROM, judged against the Code and precedents (Cases 94-8, 71-2, 78-5)"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

Causal Language: Engineer A had been unable to establish that Engineer B had any apparent subsequent training in foundation design, and Engineer A had reservations concerning the competence of Engineer B to design the structural footings and reported his concerns to the contractor.

Necessary Factors (NESS):
  • Engineer B accepting structural footing design work despite a chemical engineering background
  • Absence of demonstrable training in foundation design
  • The precedent-case Engineer A's awareness of Engineer B's involvement and background
Sufficient Factors:
  • Engineer B's acceptance of work outside his competency combined with the observing engineer's ethical duty to question and report competency concerns
Counterfactual Test: Had Engineer B declined the footing design work or demonstrated foundation design training, there would have been no competency concern to report
Responsibility Attribution:

Agent: Engineer B (precedent Case 94-8)
Type: shared
Within Agent Control: Yes

Causal Sequence:
  1. Unqualified Work Acceptance
    Engineer B, a chemical engineer, accepts retention to design structural footings for an industrial facility
  2. Competency Doubt Formation
    The precedent-case Engineer A is unable to establish that Engineer B has any training in foundation design and forms reservations
  3. Competency Concern Reporting
    The precedent-case Engineer A reports his concerns about Engineer B's competence to the contractor
  4. Board Precedent Determination
    The Board decides it would be unethical for Engineer B to perform the design and that reporting the concerns was an ethical responsibility
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • cause: Unqualified Work Acceptance
  • effect: Competency Concern Reporting
  • responsibleAgent: Engineer B (precedent Case 94-8)
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • causalLanguage content: Engineer A had been unable to establish that Engineer B had any apparent subsequent training in foundation design, and Engineer A had reservations concerning the competence of Engineer B to design the structural footings and reported his concerns to the contractor.
  • necessaryFactors content: Engineer B accepting structural footing design work despite a chemical engineering background; Absence of demonstrable training in foundation design; The precedent-case Engineer A's awareness of Engineer B's involvement and background
  • sufficientFactors content: Engineer B's acceptance of work outside his competency combined with the observing engineer's ethical duty to question and report competency concerns
  • counterfactual content: Had Engineer B declined the footing design work or demonstrated foundation design training, there would have been no competency concern to report
  • causalSequence content: {'proeth:step': 1, 'proeth:element': 'Unqualified Work Acceptance', 'proeth:description': 'Engineer B, a chemical engineer, accepts retention to design structural footings for an industrial facility'}; {'proeth:step': 2, 'proeth:element': 'Competency Doubt Formation', 'proeth:description': 'The precedent-case Engineer A is unable to establish that Engineer B has any training in foundation design and forms reservations'}; {'proeth:step': 3, 'proeth:element': 'Competency Concern Reporting', 'proeth:description': "The precedent-case Engineer A reports his concerns about Engineer B's competence to the contractor"}; {'proeth:step': 4, 'proeth:element': 'Board Precedent Determination', 'proeth:description': 'The Board decides it would be unethical for Engineer B to perform the design and that reporting the concerns was an ethical responsibility'}
  • responsibilityType assessment: shared
  • withinAgentControl assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#CausalChain_5",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Engineer A had been unable to establish that Engineer B had any apparent subsequent training in foundation design, and Engineer A had reservations concerning the competence of Engineer B to design the structural footings and reported his concerns to the contractor.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer B, a chemical engineer, accepts retention to design structural footings for an industrial facility",
      "proeth:element": "Unqualified Work Acceptance",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "The precedent-case Engineer A is unable to establish that Engineer B has any training in foundation design and forms reservations",
      "proeth:element": "Competency Doubt Formation",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "The precedent-case Engineer A reports his concerns about Engineer B\u0027s competence to the contractor",
      "proeth:element": "Competency Concern Reporting",
      "proeth:step": 3
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "The Board decides it would be unethical for Engineer B to perform the design and that reporting the concerns was an ethical responsibility",
      "proeth:element": "Board Precedent Determination",
      "proeth:step": 4
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Unqualified Work Acceptance",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Had Engineer B declined the footing design work or demonstrated foundation design training, there would have been no competency concern to report",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "discussion",
  "proeth:effect": "Competency Concern Reporting",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Engineer B accepting structural footing design work despite a chemical engineering background",
    "Absence of demonstrable training in foundation design",
    "The precedent-case Engineer A\u0027s awareness of Engineer B\u0027s involvement and background"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "shared",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer B (precedent Case 94-8)",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Engineer B\u0027s acceptance of work outside his competency combined with the observing engineer\u0027s ethical duty to question and report competency concerns"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

Causal Language: By ordering and using the CD-ROM, Engineer A in a sense was “self-certifying” his competency to perform facilities design and construction services without obtaining the substantive education, experience, and qualifications to perform those services in a competent and professional manner. The Board considers such activities completely contrary to the basic ethical principles established in the Code of Ethics.

Necessary Factors (NESS):
  • Engineer A's decision to order the CD-ROM as a substitute for education and experience
  • Subsequent use of the product as the basis for offering services
  • The Code's requirement that engineers practice solely within areas of competency
Sufficient Factors:
  • Ordering plus using the CD-ROM to self-certify competency without substantive qualifications
Counterfactual Test: Had Engineer A used the CD-ROM merely as a supplementary tool within his existing competency, or not ordered it at all, no adverse ethical finding on self-certification would have followed
Responsibility Attribution:

Agent: Engineer A
Type: direct
Within Agent Control: Yes

Causal Sequence:
  1. Product Ordering
    Engineer A orders the CD-ROM in response to the solicitation
  2. CD-ROM Delivery
    The product arrives and Engineer A uses it as his claimed basis of competence
  3. Service Offering Commencement
    Engineer A begins offering facilities design and construction services
  4. Board Ethical Finding
    The Board finds the ordering and use of the CD-ROM to self-certify competency completely contrary to the Code of Ethics
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • cause: Product Ordering
  • effect: Board Ethical Finding
  • responsibleAgent: Engineer A
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • causalLanguage content: By ordering and using the CD-ROM, Engineer A in a sense was “self-certifying” his competency to perform facilities design and construction services without obtaining the substantive education, experience, and qualifications to perform those services in a competent and professional manner. The Board considers such activities completely contrary to the basic ethical principles established in the Code of Ethics.
  • necessaryFactors content: Engineer A's decision to order the CD-ROM as a substitute for education and experience; Subsequent use of the product as the basis for offering services; The Code's requirement that engineers practice solely within areas of competency
  • sufficientFactors content: Ordering plus using the CD-ROM to self-certify competency without substantive qualifications
  • counterfactual content: Had Engineer A used the CD-ROM merely as a supplementary tool within his existing competency, or not ordered it at all, no adverse ethical finding on self-certification would have followed
  • causalSequence content: {'proeth:step': 1, 'proeth:element': 'Product Ordering', 'proeth:description': 'Engineer A orders the CD-ROM in response to the solicitation'}; {'proeth:step': 2, 'proeth:element': 'CD-ROM Delivery', 'proeth:description': 'The product arrives and Engineer A uses it as his claimed basis of competence'}; {'proeth:step': 3, 'proeth:element': 'Service Offering Commencement', 'proeth:description': 'Engineer A begins offering facilities design and construction services'}; {'proeth:step': 4, 'proeth:element': 'Board Ethical Finding', 'proeth:description': 'The Board finds the ordering and use of the CD-ROM to self-certify competency completely contrary to the Code of Ethics'}
  • responsibilityType assessment: direct
  • withinAgentControl assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/121#CausalChain_6",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "By ordering and using the CD-ROM, Engineer A in a sense was \u201cself-certifying\u201d his competency to perform facilities design and construction services without obtaining the substantive education, experience, and qualifications to perform those services in a competent and professional manner. The Board considers such activities completely contrary to the basic ethical principles established in the Code of Ethics.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A orders the CD-ROM in response to the solicitation",
      "proeth:element": "Product Ordering",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "The product arrives and Engineer A uses it as his claimed basis of competence",
      "proeth:element": "CD-ROM Delivery",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A begins offering facilities design and construction services",
      "proeth:element": "Service Offering Commencement",
      "proeth:step": 3
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "The Board finds the ordering and use of the CD-ROM to self-certify competency completely contrary to the Code of Ethics",
      "proeth:element": "Board Ethical Finding",
      "proeth:step": 4
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Product Ordering",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Had Engineer A used the CD-ROM merely as a supplementary tool within his existing competency, or not ordered it at all, no adverse ethical finding on self-certification would have followed",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "discussion",
  "proeth:effect": "Board Ethical Finding",
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Engineer A\u0027s decision to order the CD-ROM as a substitute for education and experience",
    "Subsequent use of the product as the basis for offering services",
    "The Code\u0027s requirement that engineers practice solely within areas of competency"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "direct",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Ordering plus using the CD-ROM to self-certify competency without substantive qualifications"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}
Allen Temporal Relations (4)
Interval algebra relationships with OWL-Time standard properties
From Entity Allen Relation To Entity OWL-Time Property Evidence
Engineer A receives direct mail solicitation before
Entity1 is before Entity2 		Engineer A orders the CD-ROM time:intervalBefore
http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalBefore 		Engineer A, a chemical engineer with no facilities design and construction experience, receives a so... [more]
Engineer A orders the CD-ROM before
Entity1 is before Entity2 		Engineer A begins to offer facilities design and construction services time:intervalBefore
http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalBefore 		Engineer A orders the CD-ROM and begins to offer facilities design and construction services.
Board of Ethical Review precedent examinations (Cases 71-2, 78-5, 94-8) before
Entity1 is before Entity2 		current Board analysis of Engineer A's CD-ROM conduct time:intervalBefore
http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalBefore 		Over the years, the Board of Ethical Review has examined the issue of professional competency on num... [more]
Engineer A's conduct (ordering CD-ROM and offering services) before
Entity1 is before Entity2 		Board's retrospective ethical analysis and conclusion time:intervalBefore
http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalBefore 		By ordering and using the CD-ROM, Engineer A in a sense was 'self-certifying' his competency... The ... [more]
About Allen Relations & OWL-Time

Allen's Interval Algebra provides 13 basic temporal relations between intervals. These relations are mapped to OWL-Time standard properties for interoperability with Semantic Web temporal reasoning systems and SPARQL queries.

Each relation includes both a ProEthica custom property and a time:* OWL-Time property for maximum compatibility.

Back to Extraction Continue to Step 4

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