Step 2: Normative Requirements Pass (Facts Section)

You are an expert in professional ethics analyzing a case for obligations (professional duties and requirements). Based on the literature: - Obligations are CONCRETE PROFESSIONAL DUTIES derived from abstract principles (Hallamaa & Kalliokoski 2022) - They specify what professionals MUST, SHOULD, or MUST NOT do (Dennis et al. 2016) - Obligations have deontic force and are enforceable (Wooldridge & Jennings 1995) - They operationalize principles in specific contexts (Kong et al. 2020) Your task is to: 1. Identify NEW OBLIGATION CLASSES not in the existing ontology 2. Extract SPECIFIC OBLIGATION INDIVIDUALS from the case EXISTING OBLIGATIONS IN ONTOLOGY (check if your identified obligations match these before creating new classes): - Collegial Obligation: Duties toward professional peers including respect, fairness, and credit for work - Competence Obligation: Requirement to perform services only in areas of competence (NSPE II.2) - Conditional Obligation: Obligations that apply only when specific conditions are met - Confidentiality Obligation: Duty to protect confidential information of clients or employers (NSPE III.4) - Defeasible Obligation: Obligations that admit justified exceptions under specified conditions (Ganascia 2007) - Disclosure Obligation: Requirement to inform stakeholders about conflicts, limitations, or risks (NSPE II.3.a) - Ethical Obligation: Obligations arising from ethical principles beyond legal requirements - Legal Obligation: Obligations arising from legal requirements and regulations - Mandatory Obligation: Obligations that MUST be fulfilled (deontic force: mandatory) - Obligation: An information content entity expressing required actions or behaviors in professional contexts. This is the O component of the formal specification D=(R,P,O,S,Rs,A,E,Ca,Cs). - Prima Facie Obligation: Obligations that hold at first appearance but may be overridden by stronger duties (Anderson & Anderson) - Professional Obligation: A duty or responsibility arising from professional role or standards - Reporting Obligation: Duty to report violations or unsafe conditions to appropriate authorities - Safety Obligation: Duty to hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public (NSPE I.1) Analyze this discussion section: Discussion: The sustainability ethic has been identified by the United Nations as a “blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future” and thus is broadly expressed in economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Sustainability considerations are far-reaching and touch all of humanity; however, the adjudicating body for this case is the NSPE Board of Ethical Review, so interpretation of the ethics of this case is specific to the NSPE Code of Ethics. This case illustrates the increasing priority and reach of sustainability principles relative to ethical decision-making of professional engineers who use their knowledge, expertise and skill to shape, design and create the built environment. This case is also about competing ethical obligations, specifically an engineer’s right to dissent in the belief that an assigned task is unethical. Further, this case engages the engineering profession’s ethical obligation to respond to complex sustainability challenges. The NSPE Canons of Ethics for Engineers trace to 1946, and for 60 years the NSPE ethics code did not mention sustainable development. In July 2007, the NSPE House of Delegates approved the addition of a sustainable development provision to the Code, Section III.2.d, which read “Engineers are encouraged to adhere to the principles of sustainable development in order to protect the environment for future generations.” A footnote defines sustainable development: “…the challenge of meeting human needs for natural resources, industrial products, energy, food, transportation, shelter, and effective waste management while conserving and protecting environmental quality and the natural resource base essential for future development.” BER Case 05-04 , written before NSPE included sustainable development in the NSPE Code of Ethics, is fairly representative of the BER’s earlier perspective on environmental sustainability. In finding it was not unethical for Engineer A to fail to volunteer the fact that an anticipated commercial development could increase traffic, as well as noise and air pollution, the BER noted that “environmental considerations are often subject to varying arguments, reflecting differing considerations and interests.” The BER’s unanimous opinion was Engineer A’s ethical obligation “did not require him to disclose such information if, in his professional judgment, the information was not ‘relevant and pertinent’ [per Code section II.3.a].” The Board took the view that no unique solution existed to the ‘trade-offs’ involved in the many competing concerns about environmental dangers for particular projects, and “professional judgment was the final arbiter of the best balance between society’s needs for certain facilities and the level of environmental degradation which may be unavoidable in filling those basic needs.” Contrast BER case 05-4 with BER Case 07-6 , the BER’s first impression case following introduction of the sustainable development provision in the NSPE Code of Ethics. The BER unanimously found it was unethical for Engineer A not to include information about a threat to a bird species in a written report about wetlands development. Moreover, under NSPE Code Section II.3.a., engineers have an obligation to be objective and truthful in professional reports, statements, or testimony and include all relevant and pertinent information in such reports. Engineer A had an obligation to include information about the threat to a bird species in the written report and advise the client of its inclusion. Cases 05-4 and 07-6 reflect a shift in the BER’s perspective away from individual professional judgment as the final arbiter of the best balance between society’s needs for certain facilities and the level of environmental degradation involved in meeting those needs. While engineering designs and solutions continue to reflect professional judgment, the BER’s current perspective is toward the engineer’s judgment being increasingly informed by a broader and deeper emphasis on global sustainability considerations in environmental matters. Engineering work is not performed in a vacuum, and service to the public good is not without consideration of competing interests. In BER Case 15-12 , Engineer A was a professional engineer with JKL Engineering and this firm had a contract with the state to specify the route for a road connecting two towns. Engineer A determined that the shortest workable route would save approximately 30 minutes from what would otherwise be a two-hour trip. However, in order to build the shortest route, the state would be required to address the impact to an historic family farmhouse that existed for over 100 years on the land required for the route. Engineer A visited the farmhouse’s owner, who indicated that the family had no interest in selling the farmhouse to the state or to anyone else. Engineer A was aware that the option existed for the state to exercise eminent domain and condemn the farmhouse and allow the state to proceed with the design and construction of the new route between the two towns. It was the BER’s position that Engineer A had an ethical obligation to balance the interests of all interested and relevant parties, including the state, the two towns in question, and the owners of the historic family farmhouse. While in general the Board was of the view that the rule in favor of ‘the greatest good for the greatest number’ should prevail under circumstances such as those presented in this case—which would suggest potential condemnation proceedings—there might be alternative creative solutions to address the issue. A third ethical aspect of the present sustainability case is the engineer’s right to responsibly dissent on matters of ethical concern. This is seen in Wasser’s ethical obligation to act as a faithful agent to Cutting Edge, while simultaneously acknowledging the Code’s encouragement to adhere to the principles of sustainable development. Is Wasser’s refusal to perform the irrigation system design task the best ethical path to resolve this tension? Turning to the present case, the project’s landscape architect specified installing an irrigation system and Cutting Edge accepted work with that specification in mind. Further, Engineer Intern Wasser was assigned a design task to include provisions for a “traditional” irrigation system. Cutting Edge (and Wasser) should follow through with the task they agreed to perform. Based on the facts of the case, the community has no zoning rules, building code provisions, or other restrictions to prevent installation of an irrigation system. For this reason, the BER infers that Cutting Edge providing provisions for a traditional lawn sprinkler system would be technically and legally permissible, and not unethical. Specific to sustainability principles, such a project would lie within the space of “client choice,” similar to how a client might choose (or not) to design and construct its project per green building options that result in LEED certification. This interpretation is fully consistent with NSPE Code Section III.2.d where engineers are encouraged to adhere to the principles of sustainable development. The facts do not support an engineer’s required adherence to a supreme sustainable development ethic. What about Engineer Intern Wasser’s refusal to perform the irrigation system design task? Wasser has an ethical obligation to act as a faithful agent to his employer, while simultaneously upholding the Code’s ethical encouragement to adhere to sustainability principles. Previous discussion showed that the Code of Ethics provision to act as a faithful agent is mandatory (engineer shall act …), but adherence to sustainable development is “encouraged.” As a matter of personal conviction, Wasser can dissent and not perform the task (i.e., dissent is ethically permissible), but if Cutting Edge’s position does not align with Wasser’s view, this would create significant career issues for Wasser. Further, as noted above, broader social, economic and political considerations relative to sustainable development indicate that design and construction of a traditional lawn irrigation system is not unethical, so refusal to perform the design cannot be viewed as ethically obligatory. But is a traditional lawn irrigation system the “best” solution for this project? Can sustainability principles improve the project and enhance outcomes? The Board believes Engineer Intern Wasser could be in a unique position to meaningfully serve the client – and his company. By introducing and offering sustainable alternatives to a traditional lawn irrigation system, Wasser and Cutting Edge can harmonize code provisions I.4 and III.2.d. One approach might be “green” options that intelligently and cost-effectively achieve sustainability goals through such tools as natural resource conservation, integrated water management, and stormwater management. Perhaps the project is a suitable candidate for rainwater harvesting and reuse? The point is, given Wasser’s education, knowledge and passionate beliefs about sustainable development, he seems more likely to fulfill his ethical obligations and aspirations – not by refusing the task, but by performing the task with technical expertise, mature leadership and dedicated service to the client’s needs. Cutting Edge and Wasser can act as faithful trustees by sharing with the client sustainable options for irrigation. Should the client refuse and insist upon the traditional irrigation system – which is not illegal, Cutting Edge and Wasser must act as the client’s agent and complete the task they accepted and were assigned. As was noted, engineers shall act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, but are encouraged to adhere to the principles of sustainable devopment. It is not enough to simply look at the situation and conclude an engineer’s obligation to the client/ employer takes precedence over the sustainable development principles. This case helps to illustrate that endeavoring to integrate all code of ethics provisions when developing a solution is critical. Suggesting sustainable options for an irrigation system as a means to resolving the ethical tension presented in this case is a path the BER endorses. Furthermore, suggesting sustainable options will inform the client; refusing to perform the task, or quitting, will not. Extract obligations following this JSON structure: { "new_obligation_classes": [ { "label": "Clear, specific obligation class name", "definition": "What this type of obligation requires professionals to do", "derived_from_principle": "Which principle this operationalizes (e.g., 'Public Safety', 'Honesty')", "duty_type": "professional|legal|ethical|societal", "enforcement_mechanism": "How this obligation is typically enforced", "violation_consequences": "What happens when this obligation is violated", "examples_from_case": ["Example 1 from the case", "Example 2"], "confidence": 0.0-1.0, "reasoning": "Why this is a new class not in existing ontology" } ], "obligation_individuals": [ { "identifier": "Unique name for this specific obligation instance", "obligation_class": "Name of the obligation class (new or existing)", "obligated_party": "Who has this obligation (e.g., 'Engineer L', 'All Licensed PEs')", "obligation_statement": "The specific duty statement (e.g., 'Report safety risks to authorities')", "derived_from": "Source principle or law (e.g., 'NSPE Code', 'State Law')", "enforcement_context": "How enforced in this case", "temporal_scope": "When this obligation applies", "compliance_status": "met|unmet|unclear|pending", "case_context": "How this obligation manifests in the specific case", "is_existing_class": true/false, "confidence": 0.0-1.0 } ] } Focus on: 1. NEW obligation types that represent novel professional duties 2. Specific obligation instances showing how duties apply in this case 3. The relationship between obligations and the principles they operationalize 4. Enforcement mechanisms and compliance status Return ONLY the JSON structure, no additional text.